1、M——专著。示例:[序号] 期刊作者,严复思想研究[M]。桂林:XXXX出版社,1989。
2、N——报纸文章。示例:[序号] 期刊作者.经济全球化的重要性[N]. XX日报,1998-12-27。
3、J——期刊文章。示例:[序号] 期刊作者.题名〔J〕,刊名,出版年,卷(期):起止页码。
4、D——学位论文。示例:[序号] 学位论文作者.题名〔D〕,保存地点.保存单位。年份。
5、R——报告。示例:[序号] 报告作者,题名〔R〕,保存地点.年份。
6、S——标准。示例:[序号] 标准代号,标准名称[S],出版地:出版者,出版年。
7、P——专利。示例:[序号] 专利所有者,专利题名[P]。专利国别:专利号,发布日期。
8、A——专著,论文集中的析出文献 。
扩展资料:
参考文献的著录原则:
1、只著录最必要,最新的文献。著录的文献要精选,仅限于著录作者亲自阅读过并在论文中直接引用的文献,而且无特殊需要不必罗列众所周知的教科书或某些陈旧史料。
2、只著录公开发表的文献。公开发表是指在国内外公开发行的报刊或正式出版的图书上发表。在供内部交流的刊物上发表的文章和内部使用的资料,尤其是不宜公开的资料均不能作为参考文献引用。
3、引用论点必须准确无误,不能断章取义。
4、采用规范化的著录格式。关于文后参考文献的著录已有国际标准和国家标准,论文作者和期刊编者都应熟练掌握,严格执行。
5、参考文献的著录方法。根据GB 7714—87《文后参考文献著录规则》中规定采用顺序编码制。
参考资料来源:百度百科-参考文献
参考资料来源:百度百科-论文
中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 8 条[1]杨松. 新保险法修改的主要内容浅析[J]. 红河学院学报, 2004,(02) . [2]何杨彪. 试论新《保险法》对消费者权益的保护[J]. 湖南财经高等专科学校学报, 2009,(04) . [3]黄曼妮. 关于新《保险法》不可抗辩条款的思考[J]. 黑龙江金融, 2009,(09) . [4]方志平. 试论新《保险法》背景下寿险的合规营销[J]. 上海保险, 2009,(04) . [5]胡滨. 新《保险法》——彰显被保险人的利益保护[J]. 中国金融, 2009,(06) . [6]李斌. 新《保险法》更注重投保人权益[J]. 新财经, 2009,(05) . [7]袁建华. 2009新《保险法》的显著特点与实施效果预测[J]. 现代财经-天津财经大学学报, 2009,(09) . [8]夏益国. 中国保险业规范发展的新起点——写在新《中华人民共和国保险法》颁布实施之际[J]. 中国保险, 2009,(09) .中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 5 条[1]钟诚. 浅析新《保险法》的修订内容[J]. 北方经济, 2009,(14) . [2]熊悠云. 浅谈保险企业如何应对新《保险法》带来的巨大挑战——基于风险管理的角度[J]. 经营管理者, 2009,(16) . [3]李莎,符芸榕. 浅析法律对保险经营的影响[J]. 技术与市场, 2009,(09) . [4]胡滨. 《保险法》修订及其对中国保险业的影响[J]. 金融与经济, 2009,(08) . [5]李然. 从新保险法的几大变化谈保护保险消费者利益[J]. 金卡工程(经济与法), 2010,(03) . 中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库 共找到 2 条[1]徐敏峰. 开放背景下我国保险资金运用研究[D]. 河海大学, 2005 . [2]唐余. 我国保险合同纠纷解决机制探索[D]. 西南财经大学, 2007 . 中国期刊全文数据库 共找到 6 条[1]张响贤,宣鸣,王勉. 论汽车保险费率市场化的趋势——从日本汽车保险费率的变迁谈起[J]. 保险研究, 2002,(01) . [2]雷定安,刘学宁. 对人身保险不可抗辩条款的深层思考[J]. 东方论坛.青岛大学学报, 2002,(01) . [3]侯刚. 对中国人寿保险中“不可抗辩条款”的思考[J]. 经营管理者, 2008,(16) . [4]李莎,张建刚. 不可抗辩条款在我国的应用前景展望[J]. 当代经济, 2009,(07) . [5]何惠珍. 保险投资:发展障碍与发展路径[J]. 广东金融学院学报, 2005,(04) . [6]魏薇. 金融监管立法日趋成熟——解读新《保险法修订草案》[J]. 中国金融家, 2008,(09) .
结论:concluding remarks (不唯一)致谢:acknowledgments参考文献:references
参考文献著录中的文献类别代码普通图书:M 会议录:C 汇编:G 报纸:N 期刊:J 学位论文:D 报告:R 标准:S 专利:P 数据库:DB 计算机程序:CP 电子公告:EB 参考文献表中,文献的作者不超过3位时,全部列出;超过3位时,只列前3位,后面加“等”字或相应的的外文;作者姓名之间不用“和”或“and”,而用“,”分开;中国人和外国人的姓名一律采用姓前名后著录法。西文作者的名字部分可缩写,并省略缩写点“.”。
Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of potential financial loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a potential loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium and duty of care. there are a few principles of insurance, which are considered as the uncertain losses, the predictable rate and distribution of losses,the sinificant of loss and the loss must be catastrophic. A property or liability insurance policy is a "personal contract," a "conditional contract," a "unilateral contract," a "contract of adhesion," a "contract of indemnity," and a contract which requires that the person insured have an insurable interest at the time of the insured-against contingency. Further: An Insurance Contract is one of Uberrima fides. This is a Latin phrase meaning "utmost good faith" (or translated literally, "most abundant faith"). It is the name of a legal doctrine which governs insurance contracts. This means that all parties to an insurance contract must deal in good faith, making a full declaration of all material facts in the insurance proposal. This contrasts with the legal doctrine of caveat emptor (let the buyer beware). An entity seeking to transfer risk (an individual, corporation, or association of any type) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, defined as an insurance 'policy'. This legal contract sets out terms and conditions specifying the amount of coverage (compensation) to be rendered to the insured, by the insurer upon assumption of risk, in the event of a loss, and all the specific perils covered against (indemnified), for the term of the contract. When insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a 'claim' against the insurer for the amount of loss as specified by the policy contract. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the 'premium'. Insurance premiums from many clients are used to fund accounts set aside for later payment of claims—in theory for a relatively few claimants—and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses, the remaining margin becomes their profit. Insurers make money in two ways. Through underwriting, the process through which insurers select what risks to insure and decide how much premium to charge for accepting those risks and by investing the premiums they have collected from insureds Some people consider insurance a type of wager (particularly as associated with moral hazard) that executes over the policy period. The insurance company bets that you or your property will not suffer a loss while you put money on the opposite outcome. The difference in the fees paid to the insurance company versus the amount for which they can be held liable if an accident happens is roughly analogous to the odds one might expect when betting on a racehorse (for example, 10 to 1). For this reason, a number of religious groups, including the Amish and some Muslim groups, avoid insurance and instead depend on support provided by their communities when disasters strike. This can be thought of as "social insurance," as the risk of any given person is assumed collectively by the community who will all bear the cost of rebuilding. In closed, supportive communities where others can be trusted to step in to rebuild lost property, this arrangement can work. Any risk that can be quantified probably has a type of insurance to protect it. Among the different types of insurance are: Automobile insurance, also known as auto insurance, car insurance and in the UK as motor insurance, is probably the most common form of insurance and may cover both legal liability claims against the driver and loss of or damage to the vehicle itself. Over most of the United States purchasing an auto insurance policy is required to legally operate a motor vehicle on public roads. Recommendations for which policy limits should be used are specified in a number of books. In some jurisdictions, bodily injury compensation for automobile accident victims has been changed to No Fault systems, which reduce or eliminate the ability to sue for compensation but provide automatic eligibility for benefits. Boiler insurance (also known as Boiler and Machinery insurance or Equipment Breakdown Insurance) Casualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific property. Credit insurance pays some or all of a loan back when certain things happen to the borrower such as unemployment, disability, or death. Financial loss insurance protects individuals and companies against various financial risks. For example, a business might purchase cover to protect it from loss of sales if a fire in a factory prevented it from carrying out its business for a time. Insurance might also cover failure of a creditor to pay money it owes to the insured. Fidelity bonds and surety bonds are included in this category. Health insurance covers medical bills incurred because of sickness or accidents. Liability insurance covers legal claims against the insured. For example, a homeowner's insurance policy provides the insured with protection in the event of a claim brought by someone who slips and falls on the property, and brings a lawsuit for her injuries. Similarly, a doctor may purchase liability insurance to cover any legal claims against him if his negligence (carelessness) in treating a patient caused the patient injury and/or monetary harm. The protection offered by a liability insurance policy is two-fold: a legal defense in the event of a lawsuit commenced against the policyholder, plus indemnification (payment on behalf of the insured) with respect to a settlement or court verdict. Life insurance provides a cash benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for burial, funeral and other final expenses. Annuities provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance. Total permanent disability insurance insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance. Locked Funds Insurance is a little known hybrid insurance policy jointly issued by governments and banks. It is used to protect public funds from tamper by unauthorised parties. In special cases, a government may authorise its use in protecting semi-private funds which are liable to tamper. Terms of this type of insurance are usually very strict. As such it is only used in extreme cases where maximum security of funds is required. Marine Insurance covers the loss or damage of goods at sea. Marine insurance typically compensates the owner of merchandise for losses sustained from fire, shipwreck, etc., but excludes losses that can be recovered from the carrier. Nuclear incident insurance — damages resulting from an incident involving radioactivive materials is generally arranged at the national level. (For the United States, see Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act.) Environmental Liability Insurance protects the insured from bodily injury, property damage and cleanup costs as a result of the dispersal, release or escape of a pollutant. Political risk insurance can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss. Professional Indemnity Insurance is normally a mandatory requirement for professional practitioners such as Architects, Lawyers, Doctors and Accountants to provide insurance cover against potential negligence claims. Non licensed professionals may also purchase malpractice insurance, it is commonly called Errors and Omissions Insurance and covers a service provider for claims made against them that arise out of the performance of specified professional services. For instance, a web site designer can obtain E&O insurance to cover them for certain claims made by third parties that arise out of negligent performance of web site development services. Property insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance. Terrorism insurance Title insurance provides a guarantee that title to real property is vested in the purchaser and/or mortgagee, free and clear of liens or encumbrances. It is usually issued in conjunction with a search of the public records done at the time of a real estate transaction. Travel insurance is an insurance cover taken by those who travel abroad, which covers certain losses such as medical expenses, lost of personal belongings, travel delay, personal liabilities.. etc. Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expense incurred due to a job-related injury. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the above categories. For example, car insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from say, causing an accident). A homeowner's insurance policy in the . typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owner's belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of health insurance for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's property. Potential sources of risk that may give rise to claims are known as "perils". Examples of perils might be fire, theft, earthquake, hurricane and many other potential risks. An insurance policy will set out in details which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Insurance companies may be classified as Life insurance companies, who sell life insurance, annuities and pensions products. Non-life or general insurance companies, who sell other types of insurance. In most countries, life and non-life insurers are subject to different regulations, tax and accounting rules. The main reason for the distinction between the two types of company is that life business is very long term in nature — coverage for life assurance or a pension can cover risks over many decades. By contrast, non-life insurance cover usually covers a shorter period, such as one year.
网络保险 Internet Insurance Network insuranceNet Insurance保险学 Insurance , in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium. An insurer is a company selling the insurance. The insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount, called the premium, to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage. Risk management, the practice of appraising and controlling risk, has evolved as a discrete field of study and of insuranceA large number of homogeneous exposure units. The vast majority of insurance policies are provided for individual members of very large classes. Automobile insurance, for example, covered about 175 million automobiles in the United States in 2004.[2] The existence of a large number of homogeneous exposure units allows insurers to benefit from the so-called “law of large numbers,” which in effect states that as the number of exposure units increases, the actual results are increasingly likely to become close to expected results. There are exceptions to this criterion. Lloyd's of London is famous for insuring the life or health of actors, actresses and sports figures. Satellite Launch insurance covers events that are infrequent. Large commercial property policies may insure exceptional properties for which there are no ‘homogeneous’ exposure units. Despite failing on this criterion, many exposures like these are generally considered to be insurable. Definite Loss. The event that gives rise to the loss that is subject to insurance should, at least in principle, take place at a known time, in a known place, and from a known cause. The classic example is death of an insured on a life insurance policy. Fire, automobile accidents, and worker injuries may all easily meet this criterion. Other types of losses may only be definite in theory. Occupational disease, for instance, may involve prolonged exposure to injurious conditions where no specific time, place or cause is identifiable. Ideally, the time, place and cause of a loss should be clear enough that a reasonable person, with sufficient information, could objectively verify all three elements. Accidental Loss. The event that constitutes the trigger of a claim should be fortuitous, or at least outside the control of the beneficiary of the insurance. The loss should be ‘pure,’ in the sense that it results from an event for which there is only the opportunity for cost. Events that contain speculative elements, such as ordinary business risks, are generally not considered insurable. Large Loss. The size of the loss must be meaningful from the perspective of the insured. Insurance premiums need to cover both the expected cost of losses, plus the cost of issuing and administering the policy, adjusting losses, and supplying the capital needed to reasonably assure that the insurer will be able to pay claims. For small losses these latter costs may be several times the size of the expected cost of losses. There is little point in paying such costs unless the protection offered has real value to a buyer. Affordable Premium. If the likelihood of an insured event is so high, or the cost of the event so large, that the resulting premium is large relative to the amount of protection offered, it is not likely that anyone will buy insurance, even if on offer. Further, as the accounting profession formally recognizes in financial accounting standards, the premium cannot be so large that there is not a reasonable chance of a significant loss to the insurer. If there is no such chance of loss, the transaction may have the form of insurance, but not the substance. (See the . Financial Accounting Standards Board standard number 113) Calculable Loss. There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss, and the attendant cost. Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a copy of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim. Limited risk of catastrophically large losses. The essential risk is often aggregation. If the same event can cause losses to numerous policyholders of the same insurer, the ability of that insurer to issue policies becomes constrained, not by factors surrounding the individual characteristics of a given policyholder, but by the factors surrounding the sum of all policyholders so exposed. Typically, insurers prefer to limit their exposure to a loss from a single event to some small portion of their capital base, on the order of 5 percent. Where the loss can be aggregated, or an individual policy could produce exceptionally large claims, the capital constraint will restrict an insurers appetite for additional policyholders. The classic example is earthquake insurance, where the ability of an underwriter to issue a new policy depends on the number and size of the policies that it has already underwritten. Wind insurance in hurricane zones, particularly along coast lines, is another example of this phenomenon. In extreme cases, the aggregation can affect the entire industry, since the combined capital of insurers and reinsurers can be small compared to the needs of potential policyholders in areas exposed to aggregation risk. In commercial fire insurance it is possible to find single properties whose total exposed value is well in excess of any individual insurer’s capital constraint. Such properties are generally shared among several insurers, or are insured by a single insurer who syndicates the risk into the reinsurance market. [edit] IndemnificationMain article: IndemnityThe technical definition of "indemnity" means to make whole again. There are two types of insurance contracts; 1) an "indemnity" policy and 2) a "pay on behalf" or "on behalf of"[3] policy. The difference is significant on paper, but rarely material in "indemnity" policy will never pay claims until the insured has paid out of pocket to some third party; . a visitor to your home slips on a floor that you left wet and sues you for $10,000 and wins. Under an "indemnity" policy the homeowner would have to come up with the $10,000 to pay for the visitors fall and then would be "indemnified" by the insurance carrier for the out of pocket costs (the $10,000)[4].Under the same situation, a "pay on behalf" policy, the insurance carrier would pay the claim and the insured (the homeowner) would not be out of pocket for anything. Most modern liability insurance is written on the basis of "pay on behalf" language[5].An entity seeking to transfer risk (an individual, corporation, or association of any type, etc.) becomes the 'insured' party once risk is assumed by an 'insurer', the insuring party, by means of a contract, called an insurance 'policy'. Generally, an insurance contract includes, at a minimum, the following elements: the parties (the insurer, the insured, the beneficiaries), the premium, the period of coverage, the particular loss event covered, the amount of coverage (., the amount to be paid to the insured or beneficiary in the event of a loss), and exclusions (events not covered). An insured is thus said to be "indemnified" against the loss events covered in the insured parties experience a loss for a specified peril, the coverage entitles the policyholder to make a 'claim' against the insurer for the covered amount of loss as specified by the policy. The fee paid by the insured to the insurer for assuming the risk is called the 'premium'. Insurance premiums from many insureds are used to fund accounts reserved for later payment of claims—in theory for a relatively few claimants—and for overhead costs. So long as an insurer maintains adequate funds set aside for anticipated losses (., reserves), the remaining margin is an insurer's profit.[edit] Insurer’s business modelProfit = earned premium + investment income - incurred loss - underwriting make money in two ways: (1) through underwriting, the process by which insurers select the risks to insure and decide how much in premiums to charge for accepting those risks and (2) by investing the premiums they collect from most difficult aspect of the insurance business is the underwriting of policies. Using a wide assortment of data, insurers predict the likelihood that a claim will be made against their policies and price products accordingly. To this end, insurers use actuarial science to quantify the risks they are willing to assume and the premium they will charge to assume them. Data is analyzed to fairly accurately project the rate of future claims based on a given risk. Actuarial science uses statistics and probability to analyze the risks associated with the range of perils covered, and these scientific principles are used to determine an insurer's overall exposure. Upon termination of a given policy, the amount of premium collected and the investment gains thereon minus the amount paid out in claims is the insurer's underwriting profit on that policy. Of course, from the insurer's perspective, some policies are winners (., the insurer pays out less in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income) and some are losers (., the insurer pays out more in claims and expenses than it receives in premiums and investment income).An insurer's underwriting performance is measured in its combined ratio. The loss ratio (incurred losses and loss-adjustment expenses divided by net earned premium) is added to the expense ratio (underwriting expenses divided by net premium written) to determine the company's combined ratio. The combined ratio is a reflection of the company's overall underwriting profitability. A combined ratio of less than 100 percent indicates underwriting profitability, while anything over 100 indicates an underwriting companies also earn investment profits on “float”. “Float” or available reserve is the amount of money, at hand at any given moment, that an insurer has collected in insurance premiums but has not been paid out in claims. Insurers start investing insurance premiums as soon as they are collected and continue to earn interest on them until claims are paid the United States, the underwriting loss of property and casualty insurance companies was $ billion in the five years ending 2003. But overall profit for the same period was $ billion, as the result of float. Some insurance industry insiders, most notably Hank Greenberg, do not believe that it is forever possible to sustain a profit from float without an underwriting profit as well, but this opinion is not universally held. Naturally, the “float” method is difficult to carry out in an economically depressed period. Bear markets do cause insurers to shift away from investments and to toughen up their underwriting standards. So a poor economy generally means high insurance premiums. This tendency to swing between profitable and unprofitable periods over time is commonly known as the "underwriting" or insurance cycle. [6]Property and casualty insurers currently make the most money from their auto insurance line of business. Generally better statistics are available on auto losses and underwriting on this line of business has benefited greatly from advances in computing. Additionally, property losses in the US, due to natural catastrophes, have exacerbated this , claims and loss handling is the materialized utility of insurance. In managing the claims-handling function, insurers seek to balance the elements of customer satisfaction, administrative handling expenses, and claims overpayment leakages. As part of this balancing act, fraudulent insurance practices are a major business risk that must be managed and of insuranceAny risk that can be quantified can potentially be insured. Specific kinds of risk that may give rise to claims are known as "perils". An insurance policy will set out in detail which perils are covered by the policy and which are not. Below are (non-exhaustive) lists of the many different types of insurance that exist. A single policy may cover risks in one or more of the categories set forth below. For example, auto insurance would typically cover both property risk (covering the risk of theft or damage to the car) and liability risk (covering legal claims from causing an accident). A homeowner's insurance policy in the . typically includes property insurance covering damage to the home and the owner's belongings, liability insurance covering certain legal claims against the owner, and even a small amount of health insurance for medical expenses of guests who are injured on the owner's insurance can be any kind of insurance that protects businesses against risks. Some principal subtypes of business insurance are (a) the various kinds of professional liability insurance, also called professional indemnity insurance, which are discussed below under that name; and (b) the business owners policy (BOP), which bundles into one policy many of the kinds of coverage that a business owner needs, in a way analogous to how homeowners insurance bundles the coverages that a homeowner needs.[7]HealthHealth insurance policies will often cover the cost of private medical treatments if the National Health Service in the United Kingdom (NHS) or other publicly-funded health programs do not pay for them. It will often result in quicker health care where better facilities are available. Dental insurance, like medical insurance, is coverage for individuals to protect them against dental costs. In the ., dental insurance is often part of an employer's benefits package, along with health insurance. Most countries rely on public funding to ensure that all citizens have universal access to health care.[edit] DisabilityDisability insurance policies provide financial support in the event the policyholder is unable to work because of disabling illness or injury. It provides monthly support to help pay such obligations as mortgages and credit cards. Total permanent disability insurance insurance provides benefits when a person is permanently disabled and can no longer work in their profession, often taken as an adjunct to life insurance. Disability overhead insurance allows business owners to cover the overhead expenses of their business while they are unable to work. Workers' compensation insurance replaces all or part of a worker's wages lost and accompanying medical expense incurred because of a job-related injury. CasualtyCasualty insurance insures against accidents, not necessarily tied to any specific insurance is a form of casualty insurance that covers the policyholder against losses arising from the criminal acts of third parties. For example, a company can obtain crime insurance to cover losses arising from theft or embezzlement. Political risk insurance is a form of casualty insurance that can be taken out by businesses with operations in countries in which there is a risk that revolution or other political conditions will result in a loss. [edit] Life insuranceMain article: Life insuranceLife insurance provides a monetary benefit to a decedent's family or other designated beneficiary, and may specifically provide for income to an insured person's family, burial, funeral and other final expenses. Life insurance policies often allow the option of having the proceeds paid to the beneficiary either in a lump sum cash payment or an provide a stream of payments and are generally classified as insurance because they are issued by insurance companies and regulated as insurance and require the same kinds of actuarial and investment management expertise that life insurance requires. Annuities and pensions that pay a benefit for life are sometimes regarded as insurance against the possibility that a retiree will outlive his or her financial resources. In that sense, they are the complement of life insurance and, from an underwriting perspective, are the mirror image of life life insurance contracts accumulate cash values, which may be taken by the insured if the policy is surrendered or which may be borrowed against. Some policies, such as annuities and endowment policies, are financial instruments to accumulate or liquidate wealth when it is many countries, such as the . and the UK, the tax law provides that the interest on this cash value is not taxable under certain circumstances. This leads to widespread use of life insurance as a tax-efficient method of saving as well as protection in the event of early ., the tax on interest income on life insurance policies and annuities is generally deferred. However, in some cases the benefit derived from tax deferral may be offset by a low return. This depends upon the insuring company, the type of policy and other variables (mortality, market return, etc.). Moreover, other income tax saving vehicles (., IRAs, 401(k) plans, Roth IRAs) may be better alternatives for value accumulation. A combination of low-cost term life insurance and a higher-return tax-efficient retirement account may achieve better investment insurance provides protection against risks to property, such as fire, theft or weather damage. This includes specialized forms of insurance such as fire insurance, flood insurance, earthquake insurance, home insurance, inland marine insurance or boiler insurance.字数超限了。。。
(美)康斯坦斯·M.卢瑟亚特()等著,英勇,于小东总译校.财产与责任保险原理[M]. 北京大学出版社, 2003 (美)小哈罗德·斯凯博()等编著,荆涛等译.国际风险与保险[M]. 机械工业出版社, 1999 (美)所罗门·许布纳()等著,陈欣等译.财产和责任保险[M]. 中国人民大学出版社, 2002 【英】Malcolm A. Clarke 著、 何美欢、吴志攀等译:《保险合同法》,北京大学出版社 2002 年版。 Mckendrick :“Contract Law”(影印本),法律出版社 2003 年版。 H. Whincup:“Contract Law and Practice—the EnglishSystem and Continental Comparisons” 中信出版社,2003 年版。 F. Dobbyn : “Insurance Law”(影印本),法律出版社 2001年版。 Lowry , Philip Rawlings : “Insurance Law :Doctrines andPrinciples” , Hart Publishing Ltd. (1999). Hodgin :“Insurance Law :Text and Materials” (SecondEdition) Cavendish Publishing Limited (2002) . L. Emanuel:“Contracts”,中信出版社 2003 年版。 A. Eisenberg:“Disclosure in Contract Law”,91 CaliforniaLaw Review (2003). T. Kronman :“Mistake, Disclosure, Information, and theLaw of Contracts”,7(1) Journal of Legal Studies (1978). J :“Insurer’s breach of good faith——a newtort?”,(1992) 108 LQR 35.这些都是比较好的
(美)康斯坦斯·M.卢瑟亚特()等著,英勇,于小东总译校.财产与责任保险原理[M]. 北京大学出版社, 2003 (美)小哈罗德·斯凯博()等编著,荆涛等译.国际风险与保险[M]. 机械工业出版社, 1999 (美)所罗门·许布纳()等著,陈欣等译.财产和责任保险[M]. 中国人民大学出版社, 2002 【英】Malcolm A. Clarke 著、 何美欢、吴志攀等译:《保险合同法》,北京大学出版社 2002 年版。 Mckendrick :“Contract Law”(影印本),法律出版社 2003 年版。 H. Whincup:“Contract Law and Practice—the EnglishSystem and Continental Comparisons” 中信出版社,2003 年版。 F. Dobbyn : “Insurance Law”(影印本),法律出版社 2001年版。 Lowry , Philip Rawlings : “Insurance Law :Doctrines andPrinciples” , Hart Publishing Ltd. (1999). Hodgin :“Insurance Law :Text and Materials” (SecondEdition) Cavendish Publishing Limited (2002) . L. Emanuel:“Contracts”,中信出版社 2003 年版。 A. Eisenberg:“Disclosure in Contract Law”,91 CaliforniaLaw Review (2003). T. Kronman :“Mistake, Disclosure, Information, and theLaw of Contracts”,7(1) Journal of Legal Studies (1978). J :“Insurer’s breach of good faith——a newtort?”,(1992) 108 LQR 35.这些都是比较好的
随着人的生活水平的提高, 保险 意识越来越明显了。下面是我为大家推荐的保险专业 毕业 论文 范文 ,供大家参考。
论文关键词:保险业,财产保险,发展历史,现实意义
论文摘要:本文通过对广西产险行业产生、发展、壮大的历史脉络的系统梳理,提出了对这一历史进程的基本认识,并以此为依据,对当前产险行业发展中存在的突出问题进行了分析,为正确认识产险行业发展形势提供了另一视角。
广西财产保险的经营起源于上世纪初,至今已走过近100年历史。回顾广西产险业产生、发展、壮大的历史,特别是新中国成立60年来产险业走过的历程,对于我们正确看待当前广西产险业发展形势具有重要参考意义。
一、广西产险业发展历史回顾
随着经济社会的变迁,广西产险业发展历史按时间段落大致可分为五个阶段。
第一阶段:上世纪民国初年至1949年。1914年,上海联保公司和美商北美保险公司在梧州设立通讯处,开办火险和水险业务,是广西财产保险业务经营的开端。这一时期,尽管广西产险业发展方兴未艾,但由于国民经济基础较差,且时局动荡、军阀混战,经营险种较为单一,业务量也比较小。各机构主要是适应防范交通运输风险的需求,开了办水险、运输险、流动火险和兵险等相关业务,在一定程度促进了经济运行。
第二阶段:1950年至1958年。1950年4月,中国人民保险公司广西分公司成立,同时经营财产保险和人身保险业务,标志着人民保险业务的开始。当时的财产保险业务以企业财产保险和货物运输保险为主。由于主要实行强制投保,保险覆盖面比较高。如到1952年底,广西全省应参加保险的单位共2471个,投保率达到85%。然而,在“左”的思潮影响下,1958年广西的国内保险业务陆续停办,保险机构相继撤销。总的来看,在这一阶段,面临着国民党政府留下来的“烂摊子”,保险公司作为当时重要的经济管理部门,在支持广西经济恢复、推进社会主义改造方面发挥了积极作用。
第三阶段:1980年至1989年。1978年党的十一届三中全国全会作出了实行改革开放的新决策,启动了农村改革的新进程,保险业迎来了新的发展机遇。1980—1989年,广西保险业在中断22年后迅速恢复。十年间,财产保险业务从无到有,保险险种进一步丰富。这十年问,广西财产保险保费收入由1980年的317万元增加到1989年的亿元,年均增速达到57%。
第四阶段:1990年至2002年。1991年6月、1994年6月,中国太平洋保险公司南宁代理处、中国平安保险公司南宁办事处(后均更名为南宁分公司)相继成立,广西保险业从此进入竞争阶段。1998年开始至2002年,根据《保险法》确立的产、寿险分业经营原则,广西三家保险公司相继完成产、寿险机构业务分离,广西产险业专业化经营正式形成。这一时期,财产保险产品不断丰富,产品分类更细化,适应了广西经济社会加速发展的需要。2002年,广西产险业实现保费收入亿元,较1990年增长了5倍多。其中,1990—1999年累计实现保费收入亿元,是前十年总和的倍。广西产险业的服务能力和水平大大提升了。
第五阶段:2003年至今。十六大以来,广西经济社会发展进入新阶段,人均收入水平逐步提高,居民消费结构不断升级。广西产险业进一步加快发展,服务网络更宽,覆盖面更广。2008年末,广西产险市场主体已达14家,分支机构1133家,一个广泛覆盖城乡,国有公司与股份制公司协调发展的产险市场体系正在形成。2008年全行业累计向社会提供财产风险保障万亿元,其中承保汽车万辆,保险覆盖面达到了。
二、对广西产险业发展历史的认识
广西产险业发展的历史既是业务规模不断扩大、自身实力不断壮大的历史,也是自我不断调整、提升的历史。这近100年特别是新中国成立60年来的发展历程充分说明:产险行业只有适应经济社会发展的要求不断改革创新,才能实现自身的又好又快发展。这是我们通过广西产险业发展历史回顾可以得出基本结论。主要原因有四个方面:
首先,广西产险业的产生是经济社会发展的必然。商业保险是商品经济发展到一定阶段的产物。广西产险业的发源地梧州,1897年被辟为x~#t-通商口岸后,逐步扩展为广西最大内河港口和商埠,出口总值超过广西出口总值的一半,是上世纪解放前广西经济实力最强的城市。当时的梧州“大船尾接小船头,南腔北调语不休”,云贵川帮、广帮、湘帮等大商巨贾云集,商品的生产和交换日益繁荣,社会的专业分工越来越细,各种风险特别是货运风险也越来越集中,自然在广西最早诞生了产险业。
其次,广西产险市场格局的变化适应了经济社会发展变化的要求。解放初期,保险公司作为当时的经济管理部门存在的。1951年中央政府颁布《关于实行国家机关、国营企业、合作社财产强制保险及旅客强制保险的决定》后,广西省政府发出通令,在全省要求按期实行强制保险。可见,在当时的背景下,保险公司在很大程度上履行着财政的“保障职能”。既然履行着国家机关的职能,独家垄断经营是理所当然的。80年代保险业恢复后,随着市场经济体制改革的深入推进,人保公司逐步改制成独立经营、自负盈亏的市场主体。同时,保险市场准入逐步放开,对外开放大跨步推进,一批股份制产险保险公司相继进入广西市场,保险业务经营也完成了产、寿险业务专业化经营的转变。财产保险经营这种由垄断到竞争、混业向专业的转变,正是适应了社会主义市场经济发展的要求。
第三,广西产险业经营模式的转变适应了经济体制改革的要求。上世纪50年代,在计划经济背景下,作为财政支持和保障经济发展的重要手段,财产保险主要承保法人团体,因此,其一般通过行政命令以强制、直销方式推进。这既较好地保证了社会主义三大改造的推进,财产保险业务本身也实现了较快发展。1950年,广西财产保险业务开办第一年实现保费收入亿元,第二年即实现保费收入万元,1958年,广西国内财产保险业务规模超过了500万元。改革开放后,财产保险的国家保障属性逐步淡出,保险需求多样化、分散化、个性化的特点日益明显,产险业多年来单一的直销方式,已不能适应市场发展的要求,大部分业务的强制推进更不符合市场经济原则。因此,产险业探索并实施多种营销方式势在必行。近年来,随着人世后经营管理理念的更新以及信息、 网络技术 的进步,个人营销、专业代理、兼业代理、网络营销、电话营销等新的业务发展模式不断涌现,促进了广西产险业的进一步发展。
最后,广西产险业险种结构的调整适应了保险需求的变化。上世纪初,广西处于大西南与粤港澳百货出入的枢纽地位,运输业特别是航运业较为发达,同时,广西经济较为落后,也要靠运输保证物资供给,因此,运输业成为广西经济发展的命脉。此时,保险业即主要开办火车及公路运输险、水险、流动火险、兵险等业务,满足了当时经济发展的要求。解放初期,在计划经济体制下,实施城镇工商业社会主义改造,发展社会主义工业是当时经济发展的中心任务。此时,保险公司作为国家经济管理部门,以经营企业财产保险和货物运输保险为主,为迅速恢复和发展国民经济做出了积极贡献。1950—1958年九年间,企业财产保险、货物运输保险累计实现保费收入万元和万元,占同期财产保险保费收入的和37%。改革开放以来,随着社会财富的不断增加,机动车保有量逐年增加,机动车辆保险便逐步成为财产保险的主要险种。1986年,机动车辆保险保费收入达~万元,占1:,首次超过企业财产保险(万元)称为财产保险第一大险种。十六大以来,随着私人汽车拥有量大幅增加,机动车辆保险需求进一步增长。2008年,全区机动车辆保险保费收入达亿元,占比超过70%。可以说,从历史和经济学的观点看,广西产险业险种结构的变化,即是经济社会发展的要求,也是对保险需求变化的适应,是有其内在合理性的。
三、对当前广西产险业发展形势的认识
当前,广西产险业发展形势总体是好的,但行业自身运行当中也存在一些不容忽视的问题,概括起来主要是“四个突出问题”:一是发展速度偏慢的问题。与全国相比,广西产险业增速仍处于中等偏下水平。2004—2008年保费收入年均增速为,低于全国平均值个百分点;2006、2007和2008年增速全国排名分别为第32、2O和25位。二是险种结构单一的问题。近年来车险业务占比达到70%左右,且呈现逐步上升趋势,一些中小公司车险业务占比超过了90%,而企财险、货运险、工程险、责任险等当前市场需求日益增强的险种占比较低。三是经营效益不断下滑的问题。十六大以来,广西产险业保费收入规模逐年扩大,但并没有带来经营效益的同步提升,行业整体盈利水平不断下降,一些公司长期处于亏损状态。四是市场秩序难以根本好转的问题。一些业务领域的违规行为仍然屡禁不止,部分地区和险种非理性竞争现象仍然较为普遍。
研究产险业发展历史,正是为冷静看待当前广西产险行业发展中存在的突出矛盾和问题,进而全面认识当前的发展形势提供了另一视角。前述提出,广西产险业通过适应经济社会发展要求而不断改革创新,促进了自身的快速发展,这一条规律即是对历史的 总结 ,也适用于认识当前行业的发展问题。
(一)广西经济社会不断发展、调整和升级,而产险业市场定位较为模糊,经营覆盖面不广,抑制了增长后劲
十六大以来,广西产险市场主体迅速增加,逐步打破人保财险、太平洋产险和平安产险“三足鼎立”的市场局面。但新进入市场的中小公司普遍局限于与老公司在传统领域和地域开展竞争,自身经营特色不突出,没有根据经济社会发展形势制定实施有效的差异化竞争策略,业务发展难有突破和创新。
(二)保险消费者需求日益多样化,而产险业风险管理能力不强,专业化经营水平不高,导致业务经营较为单一
随着广西经济社会的不断进步,居民消费的不断升级,保险消费者对产险业服务水平提出了更高要求,不仅要求服务范围更广,更要求服务精细化程度更高。而产险业在理念、人才、管理等方面没有做出及时调整,致使业务发展越来越集中于单一险种。
(三)广西经济社会发展为财产保险发展提供了广阔市场,而产险业竞争领域过窄,致使经营效益逐步下滑,同时市场秩序难以根本好转
产险公司业务经营趋同,必将导致各自盈利水平的不断下降,这是市场经济规律使然。同时,日益激烈的市场竞争,使一些公司不得不采取非理性 措施 争抢市场,违法违规现象一时难以根治在所难免。
总之,当前广西产险业在发展中产生的突出矛盾和问题,最终源于自身没有很好地适应地方经济社会发展进步的要求,这种状况如果不能有效改观,将不利于广西产险业的科学发展。
近年来,广西提出了“加快建设成为国际区域经济合作新高地、中国沿海经济发展新一极”的宏伟目标,并在产业集群、交通设施和北部湾经济区建设方面不断出台重大举措,这就是广西当前经济社会发展的大背景和大趋势。广西产险业必须牢牢把握经济社会改革发展的大方向,不断突破旧有观念的束缚,找准战略定位,开拓发展思路,提升管理水平,加强人才积累,才能继续保持良好的发展势头。
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车险费率制度市场化改革:意义问题建议保险学论文, 经济学论文从2003年1月起,我国机动车辆保险的条款与费率一改由政府主管部门统一制定,并要 求各保险企业严格执行的做法,转由各保险企业自行制定,至今已将近两年了。如何客 观地评价我国车险费率市场化改革的积极意义,正视和妥善解决这一过程中存在的主要 矛盾和问题,不仅对于车险市场的健康发展是至关重要的,而且也会对大量其他险种费 率的市场化改革能否取得预期成效产生极大的影响。一、我国车险费率制度市场化改革的积极意义车险费率制度市场化改革,是我国商业保险主要险别的价格向市场回归的第一步,具有重要的积极意义。第一,改变了车险费率的形成机制,第一次使市场成为决定费率的主导力量。作为财 产保险重要组成部分的机动车辆保险(本文主要探讨车辆损失险)在性质上属于典型的商 业保险,其费率理应由市场决定。在这次我国车险费率市场化改革中,政府主管部门将 费率形成的决定权交给对自己所承保的业务自负盈亏的保险企业,由后者根据赔付率、 费用率、合理利润预期、市场供求关系和各种风险因素等市场情况自主确定。市场第一 次成为决定我国车险费率的主导力量。这是符合我国经济市场化的进程的,也是与车险 保险费率市场化的世界潮流相吻合的。第二,大幅度地降低了车险费率的总体水平,在车辆保险过程中真正体现了公平的原 则。随着机动车辆安全性能的增强,道路、信号系统和其他交通设施状况的改善,交通 安全管理水平的提高,交通事故的发生率和平均严重程度大大降低,保险赔付率大幅度 下降,车险费率在客观上有了较大的下降空间。同时,由于经营车险业务的企业同业竞 争的加剧,车险费率也有向下变动的客观要求。通过费率的市场化改革,车险费率的决 定主体由政府转换为保险企业,费率水平大幅度地降低,从而减轻了广大保户的保费负 担,真正体现了车辆保险过程中对被保险人一方的公平。第三,细化了车险费率的形成要素及其权重,使车险费率的构成趋于合理。这次车险 费率制度的改革,不仅将车辆损失险的费率与第三者责任险的费率区别开来,从客观情 况出发有升有降,而且还纠正了原来以“从车”为主的片面性做法,贯彻了“从车”、 “从人”、“从用”、“从地”相结合,加大“从人”权重的原则。一些保险公司在私 人自用车辆基本险费率表和私家车基本险费率表中,直接载明固定驾车人或主驾车人年 龄、驾龄、性别或职业、客户信用等级与安全等级的优惠比率或系数,或上调的比率或 系数(表中提供了改革初期华安广州分公司私家车费率的优惠系数,从中可以看出“从 人”因素等在费率构成中的作用)。另一些保险公司虽未在车辆基本险费率表中直接规 定这样的比率或系数,但载明了驾驶人员不同期限有无违章纪录、车辆不同期限有无赔 款纪录的优惠比率或系数,或上调的比率或系数。在车辆保险事故主要由人为因素所导 致的现实条件下,加大“从人”的权重的原则,体现了各类因素风险程度与其费率水平 的一致性,必然使车险费率的结构更为合理。第四,降低了车险业务的盈利空间,迫使保险企业强化经营管理。机动车辆保险是商 业性的保险。保险企业经营车辆保险的目的是追求利润,这个利润应该是净保费收入与 净赔款和费用支出之和的差额(只是由于保险企业在不同年份的赔付率波动较大,保险 企业的年利润应看作若干年份净保费收入与净赔款和费用支出的差额的平均数)。显然 ,在总保险金额、净赔款和费用支出一定的假设前提下,费率越高,保险企业的利润就 越多。在保险费率长期维持在远远高于合理水平的条件下,保险企业只要扩大承保规模 ,就可以将其盈利水平维持在社会平均利润的水平上,甚至远远超过社会平均利润。这 就必然导致保险企业更加倾向于向规模要效益,而不是向管理要效益。这是我国车险市 场粗放经营的内在根源。车险费率市场化改革所带来的车险费率总体水平的大幅度下降 ,降低了保险企业经营车险业务的盈利空间,迫使它们强化经营管理,从主要倾向于扩 大业务规模向规模与管理并举,更加突出管理的方向转变。这对提高我国内资保险企业 的管理水平,增强正当竞争能力,积极应对来自外资保险企业的更加激烈的挑战,无疑 是十分重要的。第五,有利于规范保险企业的竞争手段,净化车险市场。由于车险的现实费率水平远 远高于合理费率水平,保险企业之间的竞争也就必然主要集中在对车险份额的争夺上。 同时,也正是由于车险的现实费率水平远远高于合理费率水平,保险企业即使为展业付 出高额费用也会有利甚至是暴利可图,它们才敢于向代理人或经纪人支付高额佣金,向 被保险人一方的经办人(如果被保险人为企业、机关、团体,则为实际管理车辆的负责 人)支付高额回扣,致使我国的车险市场成为表面有序而实际上高度无序,甚至是滋生 严重腐败的场所。车险费率市场化改革所带来的车险费率总体水平的大幅度下降,缩小 了保险企业支付高额佣金或回扣的空间,从长远看,必将对规范保险企业的竞争手段, 净化车险市场产生决定性的作用。二、我国车险费率制度市场化改革中存在的主要矛盾和问题我国车险费率市场化改革的意义是重大而深远的。但应当引起高度注意的是,在我国 车险费率市场化改革中还存在诸多的,甚至是相当复杂和严重的矛盾和问题。第一,各保险企业之间在费率上恶性竞争,费率降低幅度过大,易造成保险企业的亏 损或偿付能力和服务质量的下降。在这次车险费率市场化改革的初期,除营业性用车辆 外,其余车辆的保险费率均有大幅度的下调。自2003年1月1日起车险费率制度市场化改 革全面启动之后,各家保险公司就将车险费率整体下调了10-15%,有的保险公司费率的 最高降幅甚至超过30%。车险费率改革前,我国各保险企业车险的赔付率一般在55-60% ,各保险企业大约有10%左右的利润空间。这样高的降价幅度,必然会导致保险企业车 险业务的严重亏损。这一点已经为我国目前多家保险公司车险业务的经营现状所证实。 例如,截至2003年10月底,上海财险公司车险赔付率达,已超过保险公司的收支 平衡点,车险业务已出现全行业亏损。由于经营管理方式和水平的原因,与改革前相比 ,我国的车险的降价空间是比较大的。然而,经营管理方式的变革和经营管理水平的提 高是一个渐进的过程。在保险企业的经营费用水平不能迅速降低到相应的水平时,由车 险费率一次性降低幅度过大所导致的保费收入相对甚至绝对的大幅度减少,很可能会导 致保险企业的服务能力和偿付能力严重不足,使它们应该提供的无偿性服务尤其是应该 承担的赔款大打折扣,从而最终损害被保险人一方的利益。第二,缺少必要的具有参考性和一定约束力的基准性费率,使得各保险企业在费率的 厘定上偏差过大,导致费率的频繁变动。根据保险费的不同用途,可将保险费率分成两 个不同的部分,即纯费率和附加费率。按照纯费率收取的保险费(即纯保费)主要用于弥 补保险企业的赔款或给付支出,按照附加费率收取的保险费(即附加保费)主要用于弥补 保险企业的经营费用支出(包括税金)和实现保险企业的合理利润。显然,纯费率的厘定 离不开保险企业历年来积累的承保金额、净保费收入、赔款或给付的保险金的大量数据 。由于我国多数保险企业开办的时间较短,缺少足够年限和数量的相关数据,纯费率的 厘定缺少必要的基础和依据。这就决定了这次车险费率市场化改革中保险企业在厘定保 险费率时具有较大的随意性。为了巩固或扩大市场份额,保险企业实际执行的车险费率 远远低于合理费率,由此造成赔付率的大幅度提高乃至出现严重的亏损。赔付率的大幅 度提高乃至亏损的出现,又必然促使保险企业不断地调整费率,从而导致费率的频繁变 动。例如中国人民保险公司北京分公司自2003年年底上调高风险车辆车损险费率,2004 年“五一”期间上调第三者责任险费率,6月10日又一次上调包括私家车在内的部分车 辆的车损险费率,上调幅度高达20%至30%。费率的频繁的和大幅度变动无疑会对客户的 心理造成巨大的冲击,不利于车险业务的稳定发展。第三,片面强调对批量投保的优惠,很可能抑制居民个人或家庭的投保热情。一些保 险企业在费率表中明确不同批量投保的优惠比率或系数,没有这样明确规定的在实际业 务中也要提供类似的优惠。尤其是对批量较大的单位用车,各保险企业在实际上通过回 扣或折扣等方式提供优惠的比率往往高得令人吃惊。这种现象以前就一直存在,车险费 率的市场化改革并没有使这一现象发生显著的改变。随着经济的迅速发展,我国城市居 民个人或家庭的汽车拥有量也将迅速增加,并将逐渐赶上甚至会超过单位汽车的拥有量 ,居民个人或家庭将成为保险企业最主要的潜在车险客户群。对批量投保的优惠所反映 出来的对单车投保的歧视,很可能会抑制居民个人或家庭的投保热情。在费率厘定过程 中对批量投保的过度优惠和承保过程中实行的高比例的折扣,也提升了机构代理人的收 入心理预期,是掌握大量车险业务来源的机构代理人索要高比例佣金的重要原因。第四,缺少对代理佣金行为的必要而有效的监管与控制,费率制度改革过程中伴随着 过度的洗牌效应。保险监管不仅是控制保险企业的经营风险,保护被保险人一方合理利 益的途径,而且也是维持保险市场正常的竞争秩序,维护保险人正当权益的重要手段。 在这次车险费率市场化改革过程中,由于费率水平的大幅度下降,保险企业要控制经营 风险,实现合理利润,对车险代理人支付的佣金的水平也应随之降低。然而实际情况并 非如此。有的保险企业把这次车险费率改革看作是重新瓜分市场份额的至关重要的历史 性机遇。为了抢占他人的市场份额,它们不仅不降低向代理人支付的佣金的水平,而是 主动满足代理人索取更多佣金的要求。按照保监会的规定,保险代理人能够得到的佣金 返还不超过所收取保费的8%。然而,实际上很多保险企业都突破了这个界限,有些公司 甚至还大大超过这个比例。在代理人实际上已经掌握或控制了车险业务的主要来源的情 况下,实际佣金水平的高低决定了车险业务在不同保险企业之间的流动方向。因此,这 些保险企业的行为必然导致费率改革过程中车险市场重新洗牌效应的加剧,不仅直接损 害其他保险企业的正当权益,以及可能因自身赔付能力的不足而最终损害广大保户的利 益,而且还会进一步损害车险市场的竞争秩序。第五,费率制度改革过程与保险企业经营理念与方式的变革相脱节,保险企业在一定 程度上受制于代理人而处于较为被动的地位。由于我国车险的费率长期处于较高的水平 上,相当数量的保险企业已经习惯于支付高额佣金,通过代理人进行间接展业的经营方 式。车险费率的改革减轻了被保险人一方的保费负担,有利于激发被保险人一方的投保 热情。保险企业可以摆脱对代理人的过度依赖,更多地吸引被保险人一方直接到保险企 业或其销售站点投保,从而一方面减少代理佣金的支出,另一方面密切与巩固广大客户 的联系,为维护和扩大客户群的规模奠定坚实的基础。但我国车险费率的改革并没有同 时伴随保险企业经营理念与方式的变革,车险业务在来源上仍然过于依赖于代理人的代 理行为。这样,当保险企业因费率水平大幅度降低而欲大幅度降低车险代理的佣金水平 时,必然遇到来自代理人的强烈反对、抵制甚至是要挟,而处于非常被动的地位。其结 果是费率水平大幅度降低了,而代理人的佣金水平并没有降低。三、解决我国车险费率制度市场化改革中矛盾与问题的建议上述矛盾和问题表明,我国的车险费率制度改革确实有些操之过急,缺少必要的过渡 阶段。我国真正意义上的商业保险毕竟发展的时间较短,还不具备费率市场化改革一步 到位的条件。我国车险费率制度的改革应该是渐进的,分阶段进行的。我们只能在这一 思路的指导下寻求解决这些矛盾和问题的途径。第一,政府主管部门应制定基准费率并规定浮动幅度,保险企业必须在这一幅度内自 主确定实际费率。由于尚未积累起足够的数据资料,同时又缺少必备的精算人才或机构 ,多数保险企业目前还不具备独立厘定保险费率的条件。尤其是高费率条件下形成的规 模扩张性的经营理念,极大地妨碍了保险企业风险意识的确立,而缺少足够风险意识的 保险企业是无法制定出符合安全性原则要求的合理费率的。因此,在目前条件下,有必 要由政府主管部门集中全国精算人才或聘请精算机构,根据全国已有的历年积累的车险 承保金额、净保费收入、赔款或给付的保险金、费用支出等数据,同时参考其他国家或 地区的相关资料,按车辆的种类、使用年限、行驶区域、主驾车人的年龄等条件分别厘 定出车险的基准费率体系,并确定允许浮动的幅度。各个保险企业可结合自身及其所在 地区的实际情况,在允许浮动的幅度内制定出自己实际实行的费率,并报保险监管部门 审查备案。待客观条件成熟后再放弃幅度限制,实现费率改革的最终目标:由保险企业 完全自主制定费率。到那时,政府主管部门或权威性民间机构厘定的基础性费率不再具 有行政约束力,而只是作为保险企业厘定费率时的参考。第二,政府主管部门有必要重新核定代理人最高佣金率,并严格要求保险企业实际支 付的佣金的比率一律不准突破过最高佣金率的限制。保险企业向代理人支付代理佣金必 然冲减其保费收入,在保险费率处于合理水平的条件下,过高的代理佣金率只能导致保 险企业的亏损。因此,保险企业应该能够自觉地控制向代理人支付的佣金的比率,而没 有必要由政府主管部门对代理佣金的比率作统一规定。但是,鉴于在车险费率市场化改 革中车险费率已经大幅度降低的背景下,某些保险企业仍然通过支付高佣金挖他人墙角 ,严重损害其他保险企业的正当权益甚至是广大保户的利益,很容易导致车险市场竞争 秩序恶化的情况,政府主管部门有必要重新核定代理人佣金比率的上限,并以行政规章 的形式发布,任何保险企业都不得突破。第三,政府监管部门或机构必须以车险费率、佣金或回扣以及折扣等为重点,对保险 企业的行为严加监管。对于突破车险费率浮动幅度的下限,尤其是通过折扣或回扣实际 上已经突破该下限的保险企业;对于突破代理人佣金比率的上限,尤其是通过作假账隐 瞒其向被保险人支付的佣金已经突破该上限的保险企业,要严肃查处。对直接责任人以 及负责人要给予严厉处罚。为此,政府监管部门或机构应特别关注费率改革过程所出现 的车险业务在不同保险企业之间的异常流动,要分析和了解这种异常流动背后的真实动 因。为了使政府监管部门或机构的监管行为真正取得成效,应该支持利益严重受损的保 险企业向监管部门投诉,鼓励代理人或其他人乃至保险企业的从业人员向监管部门提供 相关线索和证据。所提供的线索或证据确属真实重要的,可从对违规企业的罚没收入中 提取一部分给予奖励。第四,要发挥保险同业公会或保险企业联席会议在行业监督和促进企业自律方面的作 用,弥补政府监管部门或机构监管力量的不足。保险同业公会或保险企业联席会议在行 业监督和促进企业自律方面的作用,是政府监管部门的监管所不可取代的。不过,应当 看到的是,目前各地保险公司之间签订的规范车险市场秩序的“责任书”之类的协议并 没有真正发挥其对保险企业的约束作用。主要原因有二:一是此类协议不是政府监管机 构的规范性文件。经营车险业务的保险机构通常是在政府监管机构的召集下共同签署协 议的,但它不是以政府监管机构的名义下发的规范性文件,因而对签署协议的各保险机 构不具有政府规范文件所具有的行政约束力和法律约束力。二是此类协议不是具有合同 性质的文件。各家保险机构在协议上签字,表明它们对协议规定的责任已经取得意思表 示上的一致。但这并不能说明各家保险机构已经建立起一种合同关系。因为,合同不仅 有双方当事人权利、义务的明确规定,而且权利与义务之间存在着严格的相互依存的关 系。一方的权利同时就是另一方的义务,一方的义务就是另一方的权利,二者在价值上 通常又是相等的。各家保险公司签订的协议显然不具有合同的这些本质特征。合同是国 家法律认可的具有法律约束力的文件。各家保险公司签订的协议不是合同或具有合同性 质的文件,当然对签约各方也不具有合同或类似于合同的文件所具有的法律约束力。在各家保险公司签订的协议中都有相应的处罚性条款,但由于这两个方面的原因,这 些处罚性条款很容易成为一种“不可置信的威胁”,即违反了协议并不一定真的会受到 处罚。因为,处罚给违规者带来的损失并不能成为揭发违规者的收益,后者也不能从揭 发行为中独自享有维护市场份额的利益,因为其他未揭发者会与其同样享有这样的利益 。于是,知情者可能采取不揭发的策略。在这种情况下,按照泽尔腾的“子博弈精炼纳 什均衡”(subgame perfect nash equilibrium)理论,口头上承诺履行协议规定的义务 而实际上不履行协议规定的义务,恰恰是各家保险公司基于增进自身利益的目的所作的 一种理性选择。要使此类协议能够在规范我国车险市场竞争秩序中发挥重要的作用,关 键是赋予它们以法律上或行政上的或二者兼而有之的约束力。可以考虑将各保险公司分 公司共同签署的协议以保险监管机构通知附件的形式下发到各保险公司的各级公司,并 在通知中对各公司所承诺的责任以政府监管机构的名义给予认定,从而使协议同时具有 政府监管机构的规范性文件与行业自律性文件双重性质,并由此使其具有行政约束力和 相适应的法律约束力,使协议中的处罚性条款由“不可置信的威胁”变为“可置信的威 胁”。第五,缩小单车投保与批量投保在费率上的差距,同时严格信息披露制度。政府监管 部门应对批量投保车辆的费率优惠的幅度提出明确的要求,尤其是要通过监管严格查处 保险企业对批量投保车辆在保费收取上的违法折扣行为。同时,要求保险企业公开披露 对直接投保车辆的费率优惠,以不断增加直接投保车辆的比重,削弱掌握大量车险业务 来源的机构代理人对保险企业的影响。政府主管部门可以考虑进一步放宽对保险代理人 或保险经纪人公司成立条件的限制,以增加代理机构的数量,逐步实现由个人代理为主 向机构代理为主的制度转换,并通过对代理机构的规范化管理实现代理行为的规范化。【参考文献】:[1]张维迎.博弈论与信息经济学[m].上海:上海三联出版社,1996.[2]柴今.非寿险业将先跨越发展[j].资本市场,2004,(4).
人身保险论文范文
人身保险是以人的寿命和身体为保险标的的保险。当人们遭受不幸事故或因疾病、伤残、年老以致丧失工作能力、死亡或年老退休时,根据保险合同的约定,保险人对被保险人或受益人给付保险金或年金。以下是我精心准备的人身保险论文范文,大家可以参考以下内容哦!
摘 要: 保险利益是保险中经常强调的重要原则。在新保险法中做了相应的修订,添加了新的内容。我国保险利益的确定在利益原则基础上加入了同意主义的内容,以适应成文法国家的需要。此外,在与财产保险进行对比中发现人身保险利益的要求时效有所不同,是适应人身保险特点的体现。在人身保险时效的问题上进一步探讨了一个在案例中比较常见的离婚事件中的人身保险合同的解除与否,以及作为财产的分割问题。
关键词 :保险利益 保险法 时效
保险法第三十一条规定:“投保人对下列人员具有保险利益:(一)本人;(二)配偶、子女、父母;(三)前项以外与投保人有抚养、赡养或者扶养关系的家庭其他成员、近亲属;(四)与投保人有劳动关系的劳动者。除前款规定外,被保险人同意投保人为其订立合同的视为投保人对被保险个人具有保险利益。”
一、新增雇主与雇员间保险利益
在与旧保险法的对比中可以看到,三十一条第四款的规定是新增内容,认可了雇主与雇员之间存在保险利益。同时又在三十九条中规定:“投保人为与其有劳动关系的劳动者投保人身保险,不得指定被保险人及其近亲属以外的人为受益人。”此项规定在肯定了雇主对雇员的保险利益之后又对它可能引起的道德风险进行了限定。雇主对雇员的保险利益来源于雇员对企业的价值,雇员可以为企业创造利润,一旦雇员死亡,则其工作必然要停止,会对公司产生一定的影响,使公司遭受损失。但从这一方面来看的话,似乎不应对保险的受益人进行如此硬性的规定。但是保险法的立法似乎是站在另一个角度来看待这个问题,从对受益人的限定上来看,雇主为雇员投保的人身保险是雇员的一项福利,在其死后由其近亲属获得,类似死亡赔偿金。
二、关于人身保险的保险利益问题
在人身保险的保险利益问题上,还有值得强调的一点是:人身保险要求在订立保险合同时,投保人对被保险人具有保险利益。人身保险因为以被保险人的寿命和身体为保险标的而具有其特殊性。首先,为了防范道德风险,保障被保险人的人身安全,要求投保人对被保险人具有保险利益,同时对受益人的确定也规定要征得被保险人的同意。其次,是对保险利益要求时效的分析。人身保险要求在订立保险合同时投保人对被保险人具有保险利益,而不是保险事故发生时。这是因为
(1)人身保险合同不是补偿性合同,所以不必要求保险事故发生时投保人对保险标的一定具有保险利益。人身保险的保险利益规定其目的在于防范道德风险和赌博行为,如果签约时做了严格控制,道德风险一般较少发生于保险合同有效期内。
(2)人身保险合同的保险标的是人,基于投保人与被保险人的血缘、婚姻、雇佣等关系而产生的保险利益极易由于人们的某些行为而消失,而寿险合同多为长期合同,因此此项规定有助于维持寿险合同的继续进行,既保障被保险人的利益,也对保险公司的经营有利。而且寿险合同多具有储蓄性,被保险人受保险合同保障的权利不能因为投保人与被保险人保险利益的丧失而被剥夺,否则,有违保险宗旨,也有失公平。
2.下面就由于婚姻关系发生变化导致的保险合同以及保险利益的问题做几点说明。首先,保险利益在婚姻关系解除时发生了变化:投保人与被保险人不再具有保险法上规定的保险利益关系。又由于保险法在人身保险合同的保险利益问题上强调保险合同订立时存在保险利益,所以合同可以继续有效,但是相应的又会出现关于财产分割等一些的问题。而人身保险虽然带有一定的储蓄性,但却不同于银行的储蓄存款,可以随意进行分割。2003年12月8日《最高人民法院关于审理保险纠纷案件若干问题的解释(征求意见稿)》对这个问题进行了相关的规定,因受益人的不同进行区别对待:
以子女为受益人的,在投保人解除合同时被保险人可以继续缴纳保险费维持保险合同继续有效,不需要对投保人支付保单现金价值。在以子女为受益人的问题上,不需要对财产进行分割,当然也不需要返还现金价值,因为夫妻双方即使离婚对子女仍然具有无限的责任,在一定程度上相当于子女继承父母的财产。
投保人以共同财产投保,以其配偶为被保险人而以自己或其近亲属为受益人的, 离婚时保险合同解除,应返还对方一半的现金价值。投保人以自己或其近亲属为受益人,在离婚后不存在保险利益,易引发道德风险,危及被保险人生命,保险合同应解除。但是由于保险合同是以夫妻共有财产来投保的,所以应返还被保险人一半的现金价值。
当投保人以共同财产投保,以其配偶为被保险人并且以对方或其近亲属为受益人的,被保险人可以继续缴纳保费,要返还投保人一半的现金价值。在以被保险人或其近亲属为受益人的保险合同中,即使投保人与被保险人离婚也不至于存在危及被保险人生命的道德风险,因此保险合同可以继续维持,在被保险人要求继续缴纳保费的条件下,应返还投保人一半的现金价值。
3.法律在对这个问题进行规定时遵循了几个方面的原则:首先,以被保险人的生命为标的的人身保险必须不能存在危及被保险人生命的道德风险。其次,对保单的.现金价值进行了合理分配:该不该返还;谁来返还;返还多少等问题。保单现金价值可以看作保险人对投保人的负债,是保单解除时返还投保人的那部分价值。离婚时需要进行分配的财产当然也包括人寿保单中的这部分价值。因为保单保障的是被保险人的身体、寿命,对受益人支付保险金,所以投保人中途解除保险合同只可以得到属于自己的那部分现金价值,而不能觊觎数额较大的保险金。至于以子女为受益人的情形可以看作遗产的继承,因而不需要返还保单的现金价值。现金价值的返还是由离婚后保单的持有人来进行返还的,因为他拿到了之前的保单现金价值,理应对投保一方作出补偿。至于返还多少,则应视原投保人对保单的贡献而定,若以其自己的财产投保,则应全部返还;若以双方共同财产投保,则应返还一半的现金价值。最后,这些规定的实施,均可以降低保单的失效率,维护保险公司以及投保人的利益。若一味地强调保险利益,而在保险利益丧失后只得结束保险合同,这将不利于保险事业的发展。
参考文献
[1]韦生琼.人身保险 [M].西南财经大学出版社,2004.
[2]孙蓉.保险法概论 [M].成都:西南财经大学出版社,2004.
[3]方志平.论保险利益的区分认定及其效果 [J].上海保险,2010(03).
保险论文英文参考文献
下面是我整理的保险论文英文参考文献,希望对大家有所帮助。
[1]Syed , Ali ,and NJohn Kurian. Toward a Theory of Agricultural Insurance[J] .American Journal of Agricultural Economics,Vol. 64, ,Aug,1982
[2]Carl and Edna . Further Toward a Theory of Agricultural Insurance[ J] .American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 69’ , Aug, 1987
[3] Barry . An Empirical Analysis of the Demand for Multiple Peril Crop Insurance [J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 75,No. 2,May, 1993
[5] , and . "Subsidized Crop Insurance and Extensive Margin"University of California,Berkeley,Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Policy,2
[6] Moschini G and Hennessy . Uncertainty,Risk Aversion and Risk Management for Agricultural Producers [J] .American Journal of Agricultural
[7] Barry ,Monte ,and John . An EmpiricalAnalysis of Acreage Effects of Participation In The Federal Crop Insurance Program[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 86, No. 4,Nov, 24
[8] Keith H. Coble,Thomas , Rulon ,and Jeffery R. Expected-IndemnityApproach to the Measurement of Moral Hazard in Crop InsurancefJ] .American Journal of AgriculturalEconomics. Vol. 79,No. 1,Feb, 1997
中国平安保险(集团)股份有限公司(以下简称“中国平安” ,“平安”,“公司”,“集团”)于1988年诞生于深圳蛇口,是中国第一家股份制保险企业,至今已经发展成为金融保险、银行、投资等金融业务为一体的整合、紧密、多元的综合金融服务集团。
社保与我们每个人都息息相关,因此有关社保方面的政策也一直是人们热议的话题,按照国家规定,只有社保的累计缴费年限达到15年,那么退休后就可以领取相关的养老待遇,那么是不是代表我们的社保缴纳15年后就可以不用交了呢?对于没有工作单位的灵活就业参保人员,以及参加城乡居民养老保险的居民来说,社保是没有强制性的,大家可以根据自身实际情况自愿选择是否缴纳社保,所以对于这类参保人员来说,他们可以随时终止自己的社保缴费,一般社保中养老保险的最低缴费年限为15年,只要他们缴费满15年就可以享受养老保障,所以当社保交满15年后,他们可以选择不继续缴纳社保,等达退休年龄后即可按月领取养老金。但是对于参加社保的企业和职工来说,社保是具有强制性的,单位和职工必须依法缴纳社保,所以即使职工的社保已经交满15年,那么只要在继续工作,就还需要继续缴纳社保。我国样保险体系里,执行的是“多缴多得,长缴多得”的原则,15年至少缴纳养老保险的最低年限,参保人员缴纳的养老保险年限越久,那么退休后领取的养老金就会越多。另外社保中包含医疗保险,我国现行的规定里,参保人员享有的医疗保险待遇分为上班期间和退休时两个阶段,上班期间只要医保不间断月份的缴纳,那么平时都可以享受医疗待遇,但是如果想要享有退休医疗保障,那么则需要参保人的医疗保险累计缴费达一定年限,一般是男性30年,女性25年才可以享受终生医疗保障。总的来说,社保并不是只需要缴费满15年后就不用交了,社保缴费年限越久,那么大家退休后领取的养老金就越多,另外如果想要享受终生医疗保障,那么社保只缴费15年是远远不够的。
我是社保专员,本文是给社保新手的最诚恳建议,尽力输出超级、无敌、干燥的干货!
先说结论:当然不行。
作为社保从业人员,从我的角度来看,15年的社保缴费年限,的确刚刚够最低养老保险缴费年限要求,可以领取养老金,但不要有太高期待,养老金会非常少。
此外,对于医疗保险,估计题主理解有误,据我所知,医保最低要求20年或25年缴费,有些地区甚至为30年,才能有退休后医疗报销的待遇。
所以,社保缴满15年就可以不用交了?
仅从医疗保险缴纳年限的角度,就不可行。
另外,假如社保一旦断缴,影响将很严重。
我计划详细讲解一下,答案稍长,希望大家耐心看完。
下面以我自己的经验来详细解答,请参考:
再重复一遍题主提的问题吧:
社保是不是只用缴满15年就可以不用交了?本人目前27岁,那么缴满15年后,是不是可以不用交了?缴满后,也可以继续享有社保里面的医疗保险么?有没有大神知道呀?
社保包含五种,简单来说,为“养老”、“医保”、“工伤”、“失业”、“生育”,下面为官方含义。
《社会保险法》第二条:国家建立基本养老保险、基本医疗保险、工伤保险、失业保险、生育保险等社会保险制度,保障公民在年老、疾病、工伤、失业、生育等情况下依法从国家和社会获得物质帮助的权利。
现在我先从养老保险和医疗保险两个方面来说明:
一、社保里的养老保险
根据《社会保险法》第十六条:参加基本养老保险的个人,达到法定退休年龄时累计缴费满十五年的,按月领取基本养老金。
社保里养老保险规定的最低缴费年限为15年,达到15年只能说你有领取退休金的资格了,但能领取多少养老金?
题主恐怕不太了解,作为从业人员,我可以负责任的说,我国养老保险体系里,执行的是“长缴多得,多缴多得”的原则。
养老保险缴费基数越高,缴费年限越长,退休后可以领取的养老金才会越高。
一个最低15年的最低缴费年限,坦白说,能领取的养老金太少了。
二、社保里的医疗保险
《社会保险法》第二十七条:参加职工基本医疗保险的个人,达到法定退休年龄时累计缴费达到国家规定年限的,退休后不再缴纳基本医疗保险费,按照国家规定享受基本医疗保险待遇。
在我国的现行规定里,如果你想享有医疗保险待遇,分两个阶段说下:
1、上班期间,需要持续不间断月份的缴纳城镇职工基本医疗保险,注意不能间断,因为工作期间,当停止缴费的次月,就将不再享有生病费用医疗保险报销的待遇。
所以,个人建议:
千万不要裸辞!
打算辞职之前,一定要找好下一份工作。
2、到退休时,假如退休前的累计缴费年限达到当地规定最低缴费年限,可以退休后不用缴费,终身享受职工医疗保险报销的待遇。
那么,问题来了,这个最低缴费年限,不同地区规定不同,少数地区定为15年,多数地区规定为20~25年,甚至有些地区规定为30年。
如此长的累计缴费年限,不是简单的15年就能搞定的。
不同地区规定的最低医保缴费年限,之前我做了全国典型城市的整理,本回答末尾即可查看。
另外,工作期间,一旦断缴社保,影响将很严重:
第一:对于买房、落户
先说在部分一线城市,如北京、上海、杭州等地,车牌摇号,买房都与社保挂钩,如果产生了中断缴费现象,会对个人造成严重的影响。
第二:对于生育小宝宝,想用生育保险报销
惯例,先看规定:
《职工生育保险实施办法》:用人单位已经按时足额缴纳生育保险费的,其符合国家政策的参保职工从参保缴费次月1日起享受生育保险待遇,从停止缴费月的次月1日起停止享受生育保险待遇。
这样来看,断交社保后的次月,即无法享受生育保险报销待遇了。
另外,生育保险报销,还有连续缴费的要求:要求用人单位已为职工连续缴纳一定时间的社保。
各地政策不同,生育前要求连续缴纳年限有6个月、9个月、1年之分,当然有些福利好的城市机关、事业单位,只要求生产当月在缴纳社保即可。
所以,断缴社保后,想使用生育保险,根据不同地方,最长可能需要等12个月以后了。
第三:对于生病住院,医疗保险报销的问题
以我所在地区的规定为例:
以职工身份参保的参保人:(1)参保人或其单位停止缴纳医疗保险费的,参保人自停止缴费的次月起停止享受待遇。(2)参保人员中止享受医疗保险待遇60天内(含60天)补缴医疗保险费的,从缴费次月起享受统筹基金支付的待遇;(3)中止享受医疗保险待遇60天以上至180天(含180天)补缴医疗保险的,从缴费当月开始计算,3个月后方可享受统筹基金支付的待遇;(4)中止享受医疗保险待遇180天以上补缴医疗保险费的,从缴费当月开始计算,6个月后方可享受统筹基金支付的待遇。中断后未补缴的,视同重新参加医疗保险,中断前的缴费时间不计入连续缴费时间。
这样来看,假如三月开始断交社保,那么从四月起,假如生病住院,确定是无法用医保报销费用了。
再举个特殊的例子,假如三月和四月都断交了社保,由于合计断缴为61天,大于60天。
即使五月交社保时补交,也只能3个月后,方可享受医疗保险报销的待遇。
大家不要感觉生病住院,用不用医保报销无所谓,差别非常大:
我摘录一个邵文娟老师主编的《社会保险理论与实务》里的的例子来说明:
职工小A因病住院了,在二级医院住院了12天,花费医疗费用48000元。
另外,当地二级医院社会医保统筹基金,起付线为1500元,报销封顶线为60000元
具体支付比例,我做了一个表格,请见下图。
现在假设所有住院治疗的药品和医疗服务,都在医保报销范围内(“两定点、三目录”内)
那么经过医疗保险报销后,小A个人应该支付多少钱呢?
查阅上述表格里的二级医院支付比例,计算过程如下:
(不喜欢看计算过程的同学,可以跳过计算部分,直接看结论哈)
1、起付线以下个人自付部分:
1500元
2、起付线至20000元中的个人自付部分:
(20000-1500)*15%=2775元
3、20000元至30000元中的个人自付部分:
(30000-20000)*10%=1000元
4、30000元至40000元中的个人自付部分:
(40000-30000)*8%=800元
5、40000元至封顶线的个人自付部分:
(48000-40000)*3%=240元
6、那么本次住院,小A经过医疗保险报销后,个人应该支付金额为:
1500+2775+1000+800+240=6315元
小结论:
近年来,金融行业逐渐成为消费者投诉最多的行业,投诉热门事件也频频登上微博、抖音等热搜榜,其中,针对保险业的投诉占据较大比例。保险机构强化内控与强化理赔监管制度缺一不可。
2020年12月,中国银保监会消费者权益保护局发布2020年第12号通报《关于2020年第三季度保险消费投诉情况的通报》,通报了2020年第三季度中国银保监会及其派出机构接收的保险消费投诉情况。
《通报》指出,2020年第三季度,中国银保监会及其派出机构共接收并转送涉及保险公司的保险消费投诉36754件,环比增长。其中涉及财产保险公司16895件,环比增长,占投诉总量的;人身保险公司19859件,环比增长,占投诉总量的。
车险、普通人寿险坑最多
财产保险公司涉及机动车辆保险纠纷投诉9090件,占财产保险公司投诉总量的;保证保险纠纷投诉3289件,占比;人身保险公司涉及普通人寿保险纠纷投诉7881件,占人身保险公司投诉总量的;疾病保险纠纷投诉4163件,占比。
财险理赔纠纷明显,人身险销售纠纷突出
财产保险公司涉及理赔纠纷投诉11227件,占财产保险公司投诉总量的;销售纠纷投诉2606件,占比。人保财险、平安财险、太平洋财险的理赔纠纷投诉量在财产保险公司中最为突出。人保财险、平安财险、众安在线的销售纠纷投诉量在财产保险公司中最为突出。
人身保险公司涉及理赔纠纷投诉3052件,占人身保险公司投诉总量的;销售纠纷投诉8166件,占比。人民健康、中国人寿、太平洋人寿的理赔纠纷投诉量在人身保险公司中最为突出。平安人寿、中国人寿、太平洋人寿的销售纠纷投诉量在人身保险公司中最为突出。
店大欺客,保险龙头投诉严重
人保财险、平安财险、太平洋财险的投诉量位列财产保险公司前三名。平安人寿、太平洋人寿、中国人寿的投诉量位列人身保险公司前三名。被投诉最多的几乎均为保险龙头。
保险合同藏 “猫腻”
综合来看,针对保险产品的投诉集中在重疾险、医疗险、普通寿险以及车险方面;主要事由集中在理赔纠纷、销售纠纷以及保险合同变更(保全)纠纷等方面,理赔纠纷相对更为突出。从调查抽取的保险合同来看,主要存在四大类突出的问题。
保险机构强化内控与强化理赔监管制度缺一不可
由此可见,理赔困难让普通民众很难扭转对保险业的偏见,始终对保险有“不信任感”。原中国保监会副主席周延礼近期在与网友进行互动交流时指出,一方面,保险机构要加强内控,建立健全理赔管理制度,认真改进和完善理赔程序,健全理赔服务体系;另一方面,要强化理赔监管制度建设,完善保险产品及管理机制,加大对理赔违法违规行为的查处和披露力度。