子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知，而不愠，不亦君子乎？”孔子说：“学了又时常温习和练习，不是很愉快吗？有志同道合的人从远方来，不是很令人高兴的吗？人家不了解我，我也不怨恨、恼怒，不也是一个有德的君子吗？”
有子曰：“其为人也孝弟，而好犯上者，鲜矣；不好犯上，而好作乱者，未之有也。君子务本，本立而道生。孝弟也者，其为人之本与？”有子说：“孝顺父母，顺从兄长，而喜好触犯上层统治者，这样的人是很少见的。不喜好触犯上层统治者，而喜好造反的人是没有的。君子专心致力于根本的事务，根本建立了，治国做人的原则也就有了。孝顺父母、顺从兄长，这就是仁的根本啊！”子曰：巧言令色，鲜矣仁。孔子说：“花言巧语，装出和颜悦色的样子，这种人的仁心就很少了。”
子曰：德不孤，必有邻。
（见《论语里仁》）。
☆译文⊙
孔子说：有德的人不会孤单，必定会有同类的人去亲近他。
子谓子贱，君子哉若人！鲁无君子者，斯焉取斯？（见《论语公冶长》）。
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孔子提到宓子贱，说：像这人就可以说是君子！如果说鲁国没有君子，这人从哪里去取得这种品德呢？
子贡问日：赐也何如？子曰：女，器也。
日：何器也？日：瑚琏也。
（见《论语公冶长》）。
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子贡问孔子说：我这人怎么样？孔子说：你好比一件器皿。子贡说：什么器皿？孔子说：宗庙里的瑚琏。
子使漆雕开仕。对日：吾斯之未能信。子说。
（见《论语公冶长》）。
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孔子叫漆雕开去做官，他回答说：我对此还没有自信。孔子听了很欢喜。
子曰：道不行，乘桴浮于海。从我者，其由与？
（见《论语公冶长》）。
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孔子说：我的主张不能实行，我将坐木筏到海外去。跟随我去的，大概只有仲由吧！子路听了这话很高兴。孔子又说：仲由好勇的精神超过了我，但我们没地方弄到做筏的木材。
子谓子贡日：女与回也孰愈？对日：赐也何敢望回？回也闻一以知十，赐也闻一以知二。子日：不如也。吾与女弗如也。
（见《论语公冶长》）。
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孔子对子贡说：你和颜回谁强？子贡回答说：我呀，怎么敢和颜回比？颜回呀，听到一件事，可以推知十件事；我呀，听到一件事，只能推知两件事。孔子说：确实赶不上他，我和你都赶不上他。
子贡问日：孔文子何以谓之文也？子日：敏而好学，不耻下问，是以谓之文也。
（见《论语公冶长》）。
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子贡问孔子说：孔文子为什么被谥为文 呢？孔子说：他聪敏而热爱学习，又谦虚下问，不以为耻，这就是用文作他谥号的理由。
子谓子产，有君子之道四焉：其行己也恭，其事上也敬，其养民也惠，其使民也义。
（见《论语-公冶长》）。
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孔子提到子产，说：他具有四种合乎君子之道的品行：他为人处世庄严谦恭，他侍奉国君严肃认真，他教养百姓富有恩惠，他役使人民合乎情理。
子曰：曼平仲善与人交，久而敬之。
（见《论语-公冶长》）。
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孔子说：晏平仲善于与别人交往。别人与他交往越久，就越尊敬他。
子在陈，日：归与！归与！吾党之小子狂简，斐然成章，不知所以裁之！
（见《论语公冶长》）。
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孔子在陈国，说：回去吧！回去吧！我们那边的学生们志向远大而无所约束，文采斐然，我不知道怎样去指导他们。
颜渊、季路侍。子曰：盍亦各言尔志？子路日：愿车马衣轻裘，与朋友共，敝之而无憾。
颜渊日：愿无伐善，无施劳。子路日：愿闻子之志。子曰：老者安之，朋友信之，少者怀之。
（见《论语公冶长》）。
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颜渊、季路侍立在孔子身边。孔子说：你们何不谈谈各入的志向呢？子路说：希望做到把我的车马衣服与朋友共同使用，即使被用坏了也没有什么不满。颜渊说：希望不夸耀自己的好处，不表白自己的功劳。子路又说：希望听听您的志向。孔子说：（我的志向是）对老者让他安逸，对朋友予以信任，对年轻人予以关怀。
子曰：已矣乎，吾未见能见其过而内自讼者也。（见《论语公冶长》）。
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孔子说：算了吧！我没有见过看到自己的过错便能在心中责备自己的人！
哀公问：弟子孰为好学？孔子对日：有颜回者好学，不迁怒，不贰过。不幸短命死矣，今也则亡，未闻好学者也。（见《论语雍也》）。
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鲁哀公问孔子：你的学生中谁爱好学问？孔子回答说：有位颜回爱好学问，他从不迁怒于人，不犯同样的过失。不幸他短命死了，现在再没有这样的人了，再也没有听到爱好学问的人了。
子华使于齐，冉子为其母请粟。子曰：与之釜。请益。日：与之瘦。冉子与之粟五秉。子日：赤之适齐也，乘肥马，衣轻裘。吾闻之也：君子周急不继富。（见《论语-雍也》）。
☆译文⊙
子华出使到齐国去，冉有代他为母亲请求小米。
孔子说：给他一釜。冉有请求增加，孔子说：再给他一庾。冉有给了他五秉。孔子说：公西赤到齐国去，车前驾着肥马，身上穿着轻暖的皮袍。我听说过：君子帮助别人应当雪中送炭，而不该锦上添花。
原思为之宰，与之粟九百，辞。子曰：毋！
以与尔邻里乡党乎！（见《论语雍也》）。
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原思做孔子家的总管，孔子给他九百小米，他不肯要。孔子说：别拒绝。分些给你的乡亲吧！
冉求日：非不说子之道，力不足也。子曰：力不足者，中道而废。今女画。
（见《论语雍也》）。
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冉求说：不是我不喜欢您的主张，是我没有足够的力量去实行。孔子说：假若真是力量不足，就会走到半道走不动了。现在你却是自己停留不前。
子谓子夏日：女为君子儒，无为小人儒！
（见《论语雍也》）。
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孔子对子夏说：你要做一个君子式的儒者，不要做小人式的儒者。
子游为武城宰。子曰：女得人焉耳乎？日：有澹台灭明者，行不由径，非公事未尝至于偃之室也。（见《论语雍也》）。
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子游担任武城的长官，孔子说：你在那儿发现人才了吗？子游说：有一个叫澹台灭明的人，走路从不插小道，若不是公事，从不到我屋里来。
子曰：谁能出不由户？何莫由斯道也？
（见《论语雍也》）。
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孔子说：谁能不通过房门而能从屋中出来呢？
为什么没有人从人生正道上行走呢？
【志 学】
子曰：三军可夺帅也，匹夫不可夺志也。
（见《论语子罕》）。
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孔子说：一国的军队，可以夺去它的主帅；一个男子汉，却不可夺去他的意志。
子曰：学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自逝方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？
（见《论语学而》）。
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孔子说：学了后，时时去温习它，不也很高兴吗？有志同道合的人从远处来共学，不也很快乐吗？
别人不了解我的才能，我却不抱怨，不也算得上君子吗？
子曰：可与共学，未可与适道；可与适道，未可与立；可与立，未可与权。
（见《论语子罕》）。
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孔子说：可以和他一起学习的人，不见得可以和他一起追求真理；可以和他一起追求真理的人，不见得可以和他一起遵循坚定的原则；可以和他一起遵循坚定原则的人，不见得可以和他一起通达权变。
子曰：弟子，人则孝，出则弟，谨而信，泛爱众，而亲仁。行有余力，则以学文。
（见《论语学而》）。
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孔子说：年少后生，在父母面前就孝顺父母；走出自己居室就敬爱兄长；说话谨慎，说了就守信用；博爱大众，亲近有仁德的人。这样去躬行实践之后，若还有余力，就再去学习文献。
子曰：君子不重，则不威；学则不固。主忠信。无友不如己者。过则勿惮改。
（见《论语学而》）。
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孔子说：对君子来说，如果不庄重，就没有威严；即使学习，所学的也不会牢固。要亲近怀有忠和信两种德行的人，不要与不如自己的人交友。有过失就不要怕改正。
子曰：君子食无求饱，居无求安，敏于事而慎于言，就有道而正焉，可谓好学也已。
（见《论语学而》）。
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孔子说：对君子来说，吃食不要追求饱足，居住不要追求安逸，做事要勤敏，说话要谨慎，到有道的人那里去匡正自己，就可以说是好学了。
子曰：不患人之不己知，患不知人也。
（见《论语学而》）。
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孔子说：不怕别人不了解自己（的才能、品德），就怕自己不了解别人（的才能、品德）。
子曰：吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲，不逾矩。（见《论语为政》）。
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孔子说：我15岁开始有志于学问。到30岁，完全成熟。到40岁，已经不会陷入迷惑了。到50岁，懂得了天命。到60岁，已能理解和泰然地对待听到的一切。到70岁，可以做到随心所欲，而又不越出应有的规矩。
前言
孔子生前主张述而不作。与古希腊的苏格拉底一样，他没有自己的著作。他将一生的主要精力投注于以行道为原则的政治实践。
他认为对道的追求是古来圣贤共同的理想，自己所应该做的便是将前人的理想付诸实践。即使在他确信政治实践无法成功而转向文化教育事业的晚年，他所致力的也不过是将前代典籍进行整理和讲解。
他在著作方面的这种谦逊态度，当然并不意味着他本人的思想和文采不足表于后世。和他同时代的人们已认定他为圣者，他的弟子以听不到他对性与天道的谈论而深表遗憾。因此，在孔子以73岁的高龄去世之后，对孔子言行的收集整理便成为孔门弟子和孔门后学的一项重要使命。
略说孔子
孔子名丘，字仲尼，春秋时鲁国人，生于鲁襄公二十一年（公元前551年），也有书说生于鲁襄公二十二年，卒于鲁哀公十六年（公元前479年）。他是殷商的后裔。
他的先祖孔父嘉为宋国宗室，因上距做过宋国国君的先祖已有五代，便改为孔氏。孔父嘉由于妻子长得美丽而被宋国权臣华父督杀害，他的后代逃到鲁国。到孔子，已是孔氏在鲁国的第四代（也有人说为第六代）。
孔子的父亲叔梁纥是个大勇士，曾任鲁国陬邑大夫。他在孔子出生后不久便死去。孔子从小随寡母一起长大。为了生计，他曾学会做许多粗活，并到鲁国大贵族季氏家中做过委吏、乘田等小官。可以说，孔子已经从贵族世家沦落为贫且贱的平民。他自己也说： 丘少也贱。
然而，这种贫且贱的生活和地位并没有伴随孔子的一生。他后来担任过鲁国的中都宰和司寇等职，跻身为鲁国的大夫。
使孔子社会地位发生改变的根本原因是当时日益剧烈的社会大变动。这种社会大变动，从当时的实际情况出发，可以概括为宗法世袭制向官僚地主制的转变。
在西周那种典型的宗法世袭制度之下，各级贵族世世代代承袭其政治地位，广大被统治阶层永远不能改变其受奴役的命运。
从西周末期开始，随着被统治阶层力量的不断壮大，他们开始向贵族集团争取政治权力。与此同时，社会矛盾的日益尖锐复杂和贵族集团的日益腐朽堕落，也迫使贵族统治者从被统治阶层去发现和选拔有学识和有能力的政治人才。
选拔这类人才的基本条件是必须掌握以《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》为代表的贵族文化并将其与现实政治结合起来。
接受这些文化知识的正规教育，本来是当时贵族子弟的特权。但到春秋后期，平民出身的人士多有通过自学在这方面取得突出成绩的。孔子便是最杰出的代表。他在很小的时候就喜欢做一种模仿大人摆设礼器的游戏，后来终于成为学识渊博的人物，以致身为鲁国三家大贵族之一的孟僖子都认为他将会显达，在临死前遗嘱两个儿子向他学礼，以便维护他们的地位。这表明，因为孔子对礼的讲求，上层贵族开始接纳他为自己的同类。
从此以后，孔子的一生便与春秋时代的上层政治结下了不解之缘。
作为一位出身于平民阶层而又有着远大政治抱负的人士，孔子并不以得到显赫的官职作为自己的政治目标。他对当时贵族集团的昏庸腐朽和社会政治的黑暗混乱强烈不满。通过对历史经验的总结和现实政治的思考，孔子形成了自己改良社会的思路。
孔子认为，要解决当时社会的现实问题，最好的办法是恢复西周鼎盛时期的有序状态，即实施和完善礼治。对礼治的关注是春秋时代进步贵族思想家的一大特点。他们在这方面进行了很多有意义的探索。孔子继承了他们的思想成果，并将其发展到新的时代高度。
他明确指出，礼必须以仁为根本。他说： 人而不仁，如礼何？人而不仁，如乐何？（《论语八佾》）那么，作为礼乐根本的仁究竟指的是什么呢？在《论语》中，孔子谈到仁的地方很多。但从政治的角度来看，仁即是爱人。所谓爱人，就是要求统治者把老百姓当做与自己相同的人看待。他与子贡的一次对话对此有具体的表述。《论语雍也》载：子贡日： 如有博施于民而能济众，何如？可谓仁乎？子曰： 何事于仁，必也圣乎！尧舜其犹病诸！夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人。能近取譬，可谓仁之方也已。
子贡向孔子请教博施于民而能济众是否算得上仁，孔子认为这已远远超出仁而达到圣的境界了，即使尧舜也不易做到。而仁，则不过是己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人，也即让别人获得与自己同样的取得政治地位的权力罢了。
它并不要求损己利人，也不允许损人利己。在仁介入之后，礼原先那种为周代贵族集团服务的本质可以说基本被剥除。
礼完全成为全社会的一种与血缘出身无关的等级结构形式。在以仁为核心的礼治之中，虽然仍存在着贵贱尊卑的等级差别，但一个人地位的高低在原则上应当由一个人凭才能所取得的职位来决定。在当时的历史背景下，这种政治思想无疑是最大限度地照顾到平民阶层的利益并具有历史进步意义的。
当然，由于贵族集团仍然是当时社会的统治势力，孔子的这种政治理想注定在现实社会中无法顺利实现。他在鲁国进行这方面的尝试失败之后，便开始周游列国，希望有一个能实行他的主张，但终其一生，他的这一愿望都没有实现。
于是，为了让自己的主张能行之后世，他在晚年将主要精力投注于培养人才和创造性地整理古代典籍。他培养的学生之多，有贤人七十，弟子三千之说。
从今天来看，比孔子的政治学说更为具有借鉴意义的是他的人生哲学。在他一生的奋斗过程中，孔子遇到很多的挫折和烦恼。
在应对这些烦恼和挫折的时候，孔子形成了他坚实的人生哲学。他曾对自己一生的精神历程作过一次回顾：吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲，不逾矩。
15岁时决心从事学问，30岁时已能自立于社会，40岁时确立人生的原则，50岁时懂得天命，60岁时开始理解一切，70岁时可以随心所欲而不违反各种规矩。在这一精神历程中， 四十不惑和五十知天命是最为耐人寻味的。
所谓不惑，就是确立自己独立的价值取向和价值原则，不随波逐流，不患得患失。这一态度最为明显地体现于孔子对志向与利益的关系的认识上。
志向与利益是每一个人心中必须面对的一组矛盾关系。中国自古就有志于道的传统，孔子对此也十分重视。他说：士志于道，而耻恶衣恶食者，未足与议也。（《论语，里仁》）后世的假道学、伪君子们由此而提出存天理，灭人欲的极端观点，以致满口里仁义道德，一肚子男盗女娼的现象比比皆是。
孔子的看法却并非如此。他充分肯定人的正当欲望的合理性，并不反对追求财富和地位。不过，他认为，追求财富和地位，必须不违背道义原则。他说：
富与贵，是人之所欲也，不以其道得之，不处也；贫与贱，是人之所恶
也，不以其道得之，不去也。（《论语里仁》）
富而可求也，虽执鞭之士，吾亦为之。如不可求，从吾所好。（《论语述而》）
饭疏食，饮水，曲肱而枕之，乐亦在其中矣。不义而富且贵，于我如浮云。（《黼述而》）
如果违背道义，与其富贵，不如贫贱。但这并不等于说义与利是对立的。相反，孔子认为，在真正健全的社会中，义与利是统一的。他明确指出：
邦有道，贫且贱焉，耻也；邦无道，富且贵焉，耻也。（《论语泰伯》）
国家政治黑暗，你取得富贵，说明你使用了不正当的手段，所以是一种耻辱；国家政治清明，你却陷于贫贱，说明你无德无能，所以也是一种耻辱。由此可见，孔子的价值原则是十分理性而辩证的，因而也是十分坚定而自信的。正如他所说： 三军可夺帅也，匹夫不可夺志也。（《论语子罕》）
所谓知天命，在孔子那里也是一种积极的人生态度。天、命是当时人们普遍关注的一对信仰范畴。
孔子对之进行了自己的思考。他把天看作人的精神力量的外化形式。他认为天是他唯一的理解者，但他并不指望天给自己带来什么，说：不怨天，不尤人，下学而上达，知我者其天乎！（《论语宪问》）不过，当他遇到危险的时候，他从天那里寻找信念的力量。
他周游列国时，曾在一个名叫匡的地方被围困，他说：文王既没，文不在兹乎？天之将丧斯文也，后死者不得与于斯文也；天之未丧斯文也，匡人其如予何？（《论语子罕》）还有一次，他路过宋国，宋国司马桓魑想杀死他，他说： 天生德于予，桓魃其如予何？（《论语述而》）神圣的天使他镇定自己、蔑视敌人。
命在他看来比天更为重要。他说： 不知命，无以为君子也。《《论语尧日》）那么，命究竟是什么呢？与当时一般人所理解的土天降命不同，孔子认为，一个有德的人不见得有好的命运，而一个命运好的人也不见得有德。也即是说，天不会依据人的德行来安排或改变人的命运。
他的学生伯牛德行很高，却得了恶疾。孔子握着他的手说： 亡之，命也夫！斯人也而有斯疾也！斯人也而有斯疾也！（《论语雍也》）鲁国贵族公伯寮干扰孔子学生子路在鲁国推行改革，孔子说： 道之将行也与？命也。道之将废也与？命也。
公伯寮其如命何！（《论语宪问》）由此可见，在命的面前人人平等，任何人都无法对命作出预测或影响。一个人要想知道自己的命运如何，只有到他行为的最终时刻才能清楚。这样一来，命实际上成为人在既定目标无法实现或遇到不幸情况时所作的一种自我宽慰和自我解嘲。
孔子终生都为行道而奋斗，被人戏称为知其不可为而为之。但他坚信自己的奋斗是符合天意的，而事业的不能成功则是由于命运的限制，因此，他永远怀着发奋忘食，乐以忘忧，不知老之将至的精神，从没有意气消沉的时候。
这就是他天命观的真谛吧！孔子人生哲学的深广意义，从上述两个方面即可见一斑。作为一位被视为万世师表的大教育家，孔子在教育学生的过程中留下了丰富的教育思想。他有关教学原则和教学方法的论述，到现在已成为格言警句。如温故知新、 举一反三、 见贤思齐、 学而不厌，诲人不倦、 知之为知之，不知为不知、三人行，必有我师焉，等等，对所有志学者都有着永久的指导意义。但比这些更为值得我们重视的，则是他的人格教育思想。
孔门弟子追随孔子的最初动机是学习和掌握步人仕途所需要的礼乐文化，寻找人仕的机会。孔子对他们的这一动机并不持否定态度，但他更看重的是让学生们形成他称之为君子的一种道德人格。他认为养成健全的人格比掌握广博的学识更有意义。他说： 弟子，入则孝，出则弟，谨而信，泛爱众，而亲仁。
行有余力，则以学文。（《论语学而》）他教育学生时，分德行，言语，政事，文学四科，德行排在第一位。他认为只有在德行上努力加强自己修养的人，才称得上真正的好学。他的学生很多，他认为只有颜回算得上好学，因为回也，其心三月不违仁，其余则日月至焉而已矣（《论语雍也》）。从《论语》一书来看，孔子在教育学生时所提倡的君子人格主要包括三个方面：(1)乐天安命，不忧不惧；(2)杀身成仁，义以为上；(3)文质彬彬，然后君子。孔子认为，能够在这些方面树立坚定信念并付诸人生实践的人，才可以说是一个成熟的人。这种教育思想对于造就中华民族的优秀品格无疑有着积极意义。
孔子最得意的学生颜回曾动情地谈到他对孔子的感受：仰之弥高，钻之弥坚。瞻之在前，忽焉在后。夫子循循然善诱人，博我以文，约我以礼，欲罢不能。既竭吾才，如有所立卓尔。虽欲从之，末由也已。
孔子就是这样：越仰望他，就越觉得高；越钻研他，就越觉得深。你不能简单而固定地掌握他，但他又总是或前或后地在你身边。只要你尽心去体会他，他就永远能给你启发。而且，随着你人生阅历和人生体悟的增加，他给你的启发也就越大。
正如日本作家井上靖在为他的小说《孔子》中译本所作的《致中国读者》一文中所说：六七十岁的人读《论语》，大抵和我一样，都成为《论语》的俘虏。
【志 学】
子曰：三军可夺帅也，匹夫不可夺志也。
（见《论语子罕》）。
☆译文⊙
孔子说：一国的军队，可以夺去它的主帅；一个男子汉，却不可夺去他的意志。
子曰：学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自逝方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？
（见《论语学而》）。
☆译文⊙
孔子说：学了后，时时去温习它，不也很高兴吗？有志同道合的人从远处来共学，不也很快乐吗？
别人不了解我的才能，我却不抱怨，不也算得上君子吗？
子曰：可与共学，未可与适道；可与适道，未可与立；可与立，未可与权。
（见《论语子罕》）。
☆译文⊙
孔子说：可以和他一起学习的人，不见得可以和他一起追求真理；可以和他一起追求真理的人，不见得可以和他一起遵循坚定的原则；可以和他一起遵循坚定原则的人，不见得可以和他一起通达权变。
子曰：弟子，人则孝，出则弟，谨而信，泛爱众，而亲仁。行有余力，则以学文。
（见《论语学而》）。
☆译文⊙
孔子说：年少后生，在父母面前就孝顺父母；走出自己居室就敬爱兄长；说话谨慎，说了就守信用；博爱大众，亲近有仁德的人。这样去躬行实践之后，若还有余力，就再去学习文献。
子曰：君子不重，则不威；学则不固。主忠信。无友不如己者。过则勿惮改。
（见《论语学而》）。
☆译文⊙
孔子说：对君子来说，如果不庄重，就没有威严；即使学习，所学的也不会牢固。要亲近怀有忠和信两种德行的人，不要与不如自己的人交友。有过失就不要怕改正。
子曰：君子食无求饱，居无求安，敏于事而慎于言，就有道而正焉，可谓好学也已。
（见《论语学而》）。
☆译文⊙
孔子说：对君子来说，吃食不要追求饱足，居住不要追求安逸，做事要勤敏，说话要谨慎，到有道的人那里去匡正自己，就可以说是好学了。
子曰：不患人之不己知，患不知人也。
（见《论语学而》）。
☆译文⊙
孔子说：不怕别人不了解自己（的才能、品德），就怕自己不了解别人（的才能、品德）。
子曰：吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲，不逾矩。（见《论语为政》）。
☆译文⊙
孔子说：我15岁开始有志于学问。到30岁，完全成熟。到40岁，已经不会陷入迷惑了。到50岁，懂得了天命。到60岁，已能理解和泰然地对待听到的一切。到70岁，可以做到随心所欲，而又不越出应有的规矩。
孔子十则经典语录论语 1、子曰：学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？（《学而》）
翻译：孔子说：学习知识并且按时温习它，不也是令人高兴的事吗？有朋友从远方来（交流、学习），不也是令人快乐的事吗？别人不了解自己也不怨恨，不正是品德高尚的人吗？
2、曾子曰：吾日三省吾身：为人谋而不忠乎？与朋友交而不信乎？传不习乎？（《学而》）
翻译：曾子说：我每天多次地反省自己：替别人办事是不是尽心尽力呢？跟朋友交往是不是真诚，诚实呢？老师传授的知识是否复习过了呢？
3、子曰：温故而知新，可以为师矣。（《为政》）
翻译：曾子说：我每天反复检查我的行为：为人处事有不真诚的事吗？与朋友交往有不诚实的事吗？老师教授的知识有不复习的吗？孔子说：复习旧的知识从而知道新的知识，可以凭借这个成为老师了。
4、子曰：学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。（《为政》）
翻译：孔子说：只读书却不认真思考，就会迷惑；只空想而不读书，就会疑惑。
5、子曰：由，诲汝知之乎！知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。（《为政》）
翻译：孔子说：仲由，教给你的理解了吗？懂得就是懂得，不懂就是不懂，这也是聪明啊。
6、子曰：见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。（《里仁》）
翻译：孔子说：见到贤人就要向他学习，希望能达到他的水平，见到不好的人就要自我反省。
7、子曰：三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。（《述而》）
翻译：孔子说：三个人一起走，其中必定有可以做我老师的人，学习他的优点，如果自己也有他的缺点就加以改正。
8、曾子曰：士不可以不弘毅，任重而道远。仁以为己任，不亦重乎？死而后已，不亦远乎？（《泰伯》）
翻译：曾子说：有抱负的人不可以不胸怀宽广，意志坚定，因为他肩负着重大的使命（或责任），路途又很遥远。把实现仁的理想看作自己的使命，不也很重大吗？直到死才停止，这不也是很遥远吗？
9、子曰：岁寒，然后知松柏之后凋也。（《子罕》）
翻译：孔子说：年末天气寒冷，这时才能知道松柏是最后凋零的。
10、子贡问曰：有一言而可以终身行之者乎？子曰：其恕乎！己所不欲，勿施于人。（《卫灵公》）
解释：子贡问孔子：有没有一句忠言可以一生受用遵循的呢？孔子说：也许就是仁爱待人！自己所不愿要的，不要强加到别人身上。
孔子语录十则
1、子曰：学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？（《学而》）
孔子说：学过了，每隔一段时间就去复习它，不也高兴吗？有相识相知的朋友从远方来，不也快乐吗？别人不了解（我），却不生气，不也是道德高尚的人吗？
2、子曰：吾日三省吾身：为人谋而不忠乎？与朋友交而不信乎？传不习乎？（《学而》）
子说：我每天反复检查我的行为：为人处事有不真诚的事吗？与朋友交往有不诚实的事吗？老师教授的知识有不复习的吗？
3、子曰：温故而知新，可以为师矣。（《为政》）
孔子说：温习已学过的知识，进而能有新的体味，就可以做老师了。
4、子曰：学而不思则罔，死而不学则殆。（《为政》）
孔子说：只读书却不认真思考，就会迷惑；只空想而不读书，就会疑惑。
5、子曰：由，诲汝知之乎！知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。（《为政》）
孔子说：仲由，教给你的理解了吗？懂得就是懂得，不懂就是不懂，这也是聪明啊。
6、子曰：其恕乎！己所不欲，勿施於人。（《卫灵公》）
孔子说：也许就是仁爱待人！自己所不愿要的，不要强加到别人身上。
7、子曰：见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。（《里仁》）
孔子说：见到贤人就要向他学习，希望能达到他的水平，见到不好的人就要自我反省。
8、子曰：三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。（《述而》）
孔子说：三个人一起走，其中必定又可以做我老师的人，学习他的优点，如果自己也有他的缺点就加以改正。
9、子曰：士不可以不弘毅，任重而道远。仁以为己任，不亦重乎？死而後已，不亦远乎？（《泰伯》）
子说：男人不能不坚强，因为他们责任重大，奋斗的路途遥远。把仁爱作为自己的责任，责任不是很重吗？奋斗到至死方休，道路不是很远吗？
10、子曰：岁寒，然後知松柏之後雕也。（《子罕》）
孔子说：年末天气寒冷，这时才能知道松柏是最後雕零的。
从孔子的经典名言中，我学会了很多东西，受益匪浅。
立志篇
“三军可夺师也，匹夫不可夺志也”
选自于《论语.子罕》
解读：数百万军队的主师可以被俘获，而一个普通人的坚强意志却是任何力量都不能使他改变的。
引申为：大丈夫无论何时何地豪情壮志不可夺。
“士不可以不弘毅，任重而道远”
选自于《论语.泰伯》
解读；一个读书人不可以不志向高，意志坚，因为责任很重，而奋斗的路很长。
引申为：人生中一个人的目标越远大，前进就会越努力。
修养篇
“吾日三省吾身：为人谋而不忠乎？与朋友交而不信乎？传不习乎？”
选自于：《论语.学而》
解读：我每天多次检查自己：替人谋划事情，有不尽心尽力的地方吗？同朋友交往有不诚实的地方吗？老师传授给我的学业，还有不温习的吗？
引申为：一个人上进与否在于他会不会自我反省。
“择其善者而从之，其不善而改之”
选自于：《论语.述而》
解读：要选择好的并向其学习，是不好的就要对照，反省并改掉它。
引申为：生活中人要学会知过改过，以后也不要再犯同样的错误 品德篇
“温、良、恭、俭、让”
选自于：《论语.学而》
解读：人要学会温和、善良、恭谨、简朴、谦让。
引申为：做人一定要有美好的德行，其实这正是自古以来的做人之本。
“君子喻于义，小人喻于利”
选自于：《论语.里仁》
解读：有道德的人，他的心里只知道事事有个仁义；而没道德的人，他的心里只知道事事有个财利。
引申为：做人要学会先义而后利。
“君子坦荡荡，小人常戚戚”
选自于：《论语.述而》
解读：品行端正的人，心胸守着正理，坦荡宽舒；品行不端的人，心怀鬼胎，一天到晚感到不安。
引申为：做人一定要要真诚相对，光明磊落。
原文
子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎?有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎?人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎?”(《学而》)
曾子曰：“吾日三省吾身：为人谋而不忠乎?与朋友交而不信乎?传不习乎?”(《学而》)
子曰：“温故而知新，可以为师矣。”(《为政》)
子曰：“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。”(《为政》)
子曰：“由，诲女知之乎!知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。”(《为政》)
子曰：“见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。”(《里仁》)
子曰：“三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。”(《述而》)
曾子曰：“士不可以不弘毅，任重而道远。仁以为己任，不亦重乎?死而后已，不亦远乎?”(《泰伯》)
子曰：“岁寒，然后知松柏之后凋也。”(《子罕》)
子贡问曰：“有一言而可以终身行之者乎?”子曰：“其恕乎!己所不欲，勿施于人。”(《卫灵公》)
译文
孔子说：“学习知识并且按时温习它，不也是令人高兴的事吗?有朋友从远方来(交流、学习)，不也是令人快乐的事吗? 别人不了解自己也不怨恨，不正是品德高尚的人吗?”
曾子说：“我每天反复检查我的行为：为人处事有不真诚的事吗?与朋友交往有不诚实的事吗?老师教授的知识有不复习的吗?”
孔子说：“温习旧知识进而能有新的体会，可以凭此做老师了。[1] ”
孔子说：“只读书却不认真思考，就会迷惑而无所得;只空想而不读书，就会精神疲倦而无所得。”
孔子说：“仲由，教给你的理解了吗?懂得就是懂得，不懂就是不懂，这也是聪明啊。”
孔子说：“见到贤人就要向他学习，希望能达到他的水平，见到不好的人就要自我反省。”
孔子说：“几个人一起走，其中必定有可以做我老师的人，学习他的优点，如果自己也有他们的缺点就加以改正。”
曾子说：“男人不能不坚强，因为他们责任重大，奋斗的路途遥远。把仁爱作为自己的责任，责任不是很重吗?奋斗到至死方休，道路不是很远吗?”
孔子说：“到了一年中最寒冷的冬天，这样以后才知道松柏是最后凋谢的。”
子贡问孔子：“有没有一句 人生大全忠言可以一生受用遵循的呢?”孔子说：“也许就是仁爱待人!自己所不愿要的，不要强加到别人身上。”
因为中文论文用中文开题，英文论文用英文开题。所以，法语论文用法语开题。祝好运。
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
我也是法语专业的，我的毕业论文开始时是中法文的摘要，先中文后法语。
问题一：开题报告 如何用英语翻译？ 开题报告. 英语： 1) Research opening report. 2) Background and development of the project. 问题二："开题报告"这个词，英文怎么说 开题报告 [词典] Thesis proposal; 问题三：开题报告 英语怎么说 Thesis Report 毕业论文开题报告 Graduation Thesis Report 问题四：开题报告，英语怎么说 Thesis Report 毕业论文开题报告 Graduation Thesis Report 问题五：毕业论文开题报告的英文请问怎么翻译 如果图简单的话，就找安太译欣，直接翻译 问题六：论文开题报告用英语怎么表达，opening rep 你好！ 论文开题报告 Thesis opening report 问题七：开题报告用英语怎么说？ Thesis Report 毕业论文揣题报告 Graduation Thesis Report 问题八：英语翻译论文论文开题报告怎么写 开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the mon illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not......>> 问题九：英语论文开题报告怎么写 开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 （课题的立题依据及研究意义） Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the mon illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings.......>> 问题十：开题报告 如何用英语翻译？ 开题报告. 英语： 1) Research opening report. 2) Background and development of the project.
[参考文献] [1 ]Bronte ,Charlotte. Jane Eyre [M] . London :Oxford University Press. 1987. [2 ]Danks ,Joseph H. . etal. Cognitive Process in Translationand Interpreting[M] . Sage Publications Inc. . 1997. [3 ]Nida ,Eugene A. . On Translation[M] . 谭载喜译,中国对外翻译出版公司,1984. [4 ]戴浩一. 时间顺序和汉语的语序[ J ] . 国外语言学, 1988 , (1) . [5 ]戴浩一. 以认知为基础的汉语功能语法刍议[J ] . 国外语言学,1990 , (4) . [6 ]吕叔湘. 汉语语法分析问题[M] . 商务印书馆,1979. [7 ]吕叔湘. 语文杂记[M] . 上海教育出版社,1984. [8 ]马秉义. 英汉主语差异初探[J ] . 外国语,1995 , (5) . [9 ]谢信一. 汉语中的时间和意象[J ] . 国外语言学,1991 , (4) .
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
你要是找国涛期刊，就不会出现这种问题了好不好？ 毕业论文是学术论文的一种形式，为了进一步探讨和掌握毕业论文的写作规律和特点，需要对毕业论文进行分类。由于毕业论文本身的内容和性质不同，研究领域、对象、方法、表现方式不同，因此，毕业论文就有不同的分类方法。 按内容性质和研究方法的不同可以把毕业论文分为理论性论文、实验性论文、描述性论文和设计性论文。后三种论文主要是理工科大学生可以选择的论文形式，这里不作介绍。文科大学生一般写的是理论性论文。
英语毕业论文答辩稿范文（精选8篇）
一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束，我们毕业前都要通过最后的`毕业论文，毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式，快来参考毕业论文是怎么写的吧！下面是我帮大家整理的英语毕业论文答辩稿范文，希望对大家有所帮助。
Good morning, all appraises committee members. I am XXX and my supervisor is XXX.
With his constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper.
Now it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is Comparative Study between English and Chinese idioms.
With the developing globalization, communication demand precise language.
Idioms are not a separate part of the language, we cannot omit. Studying the similarities and differences between English and Chinese idioms would be helpful to cross-cultural understanding and it’s also a good advance to our future if we can learn well.
For the above facts, I select the subject of “comparative study between English and Chinese idioms” as the title of my paper.
In the main part of this paper, I divide it four parts.
Part one presents general introduction to the basic concept and the studying purpose.
Part two presents overview of the Chinese and English idioms; it concludes similar origins and similar functions. Part three emphasize differences between English and Chinese idioms.
Through contrast analysis of well-known Chinese and English language, found the differences cultural discrepancy and the translation of animal words. Part four draws some conclusions that characteristics of English and Chinese idioms. And it is helpful to cross-culture .It’s necessary for a better understanding of international promotional communication. OK, that’s all. Thank you.
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense.
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. I’m Zhang Da and my supervisor is Professor Zhang Jingcai. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. First of all, I really want to be a teacher, so during the four years, I have read many books about how to become a good teacher. Secondly, when I was a freshman in the summer of 2008, I was chosen as a teaching assistant of the summer camp which was organized by the New Oriental English School in Shijiazhuang. In the summer camp, I rewrote a script of an English drama to be one of the programs of the open ceremony. It was very popular among those students. They thought it was very interesting. In 2010, I was practiced as an English teacher at Chenguantun Middle School in Qinhuangdao, I found that the students have little interest towards English learning, so I hoped I could help them. So I use the Drama Method as my teaching method. Almost all of the students were highly motivated by the interesting teaching method and they have made great progress in the exam one month later. So the research proved that the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. For the above facts, I select the subject of On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can find an effective teaching method to help all the students’ English learning in junior high school.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to identify the major problem of junior high school students’ English learning problems
Part two overviews all relevant researches in drama application in teaching oral English.
Part three is the research design, the research hypothesis, the subjects of the research, the research methods and the research procedures are conducted.
Part four is the findings from research data. After analyzing the data with Excel 2007, pedagogical findings and implications are delivered before the conclusion of the thesis.
Part five draws some conclusions about the research. As what has been shown in the research, there are a lot of benefits from drama performance; the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. In addition, there are some suggestions for forthcoming researches.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style
in from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!
I will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m *** and come from class *. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
That’s all. Thank you.
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
题目定了么，格式给我。
你好，这个不是固定的，你可以和导师商量一下
开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures. 二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 (课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向) Research Status: Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance.. Research Tendency: 21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality. 三、研究内容及研究目标 (对研究的内容进行说明，并阐明要达到的目标) Research Contents: A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified Black Is Associated With Profit Black Is Associated With the Black People 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Death Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful Black Is Associated With Anger B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty 2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With Death and Poor White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red Is Associated With Honor and Love 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red is Associated with the Obscenity Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism. Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Noble Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease Research Objectives: I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture. 四、预计的研究难点 (课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点) With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related. 五、创新点 (选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点) The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords. 六、进度计划 (根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排) 1. - , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing 2. - , 2008 Data gathering 3. - , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline 4. - , 2009 Literature review 5. - , 2009 First draft 6. - , 2009 Second draft 7. - , 2009 Final version 8. - May 14th, 2009 Printing 9. May 17th - May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate 七、资料来源 (指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料) [1] Baugh, . & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [2] Eckersley, . Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979. [3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985. [4] Hornby, . Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974. [5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. .: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997. [6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. .: Edward Arnold, 1989. [7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981. [8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. [9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007. [11] 陈永烨.“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J].《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7). [12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海:上海外语出版社,2002. [13] 邓炎昌，刘润清.《语言与文化》[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，1991. [14] 蒋栋元.“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]. 《四川外语学院学报》，2002，(3). [15] 唐振华.“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J].《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2). 指导教师意见:(对课题的认可意见) 指导教师 年 月 日 系(教研室)审查意见: 系(教研室)主任: 年 月 日