Camillemcc
开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures. 二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 (课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向) Research Status: Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance.. Research Tendency: 21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality. 三、研究内容及研究目标 (对研究的内容进行说明，并阐明要达到的目标) Research Contents: A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified Black Is Associated With Profit Black Is Associated With the Black People 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Death Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful Black Is Associated With Anger B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty 2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With Death and Poor White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red Is Associated With Honor and Love 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red is Associated with the Obscenity Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism. Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Noble Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease Research Objectives: I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture. 四、预计的研究难点 (课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点) With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related. 五、创新点 (选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点) The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords. 六、进度计划 (根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排) 1. - , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing 2. - , 2008 Data gathering 3. - , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline 4. - , 2009 Literature review 5. - , 2009 First draft 6. - , 2009 Second draft 7. - , 2009 Final version 8. - May 14th, 2009 Printing 9. May 17th - May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate 七、资料来源 (指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料) [1] Baugh, . & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [2] Eckersley, . Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979. [3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985. [4] Hornby, . Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974. [5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. .: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997. [6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. .: Edward Arnold, 1989. [7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981. [8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. [9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007. [11] 陈永烨.“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J].《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7). [12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海:上海外语出版社,2002. [13] 邓炎昌，刘润清.《语言与文化》[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，1991. [14] 蒋栋元.“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]. 《四川外语学院学报》，2002，(3). [15] 唐振华.“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J].《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2). 指导教师意见:(对课题的认可意见) 指导教师 年 月 日 系(教研室)审查意见: 系(教研室)主任: 年 月 日
长腿蚊子
这儿有论文开题报告格式，我也想看看论文开题报告格式，找了半天也没找到论文开题报告格式，论文开题报告格式真难找啊，到处问到底哪里有论文开题报告格式，快告诉我论文开题报告格式网址吧，我想看看论文开题报告格式，后来在这里找到了论文开题报告格式，你也去看看论文开题报告格式吧
小小小黄鱼
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
哎呀呀biubiubiu
还有下面这个毕业论文格式,希望能帮上你,祝成功毕业设计（论文）写作格式一、基本结构毕业论文或设计说明书应由题目（标题）、摘要、目录、前言（引言）、正文、结论、致谢、参考文献和附录等部分构成。（一）毕业论文的结构1. 题目：即标题，它的主要作用是概括整个论文的中心内容。题目要确切、恰当、鲜明、简短、精炼。题目一般不超过20个字，可以使用主副标题。2. 摘要：摘要是论文的高度概括，是长篇论文不可缺少的组成部分。要求用中、英文分别书写，一篇摘要应不少于300字，要注明3—5个关键词。3. 目录：反映论文的纲要。目录应列出通篇论文各组成部分的大小标题，分别层次，逐项标明页码，并包括注明参考文献、附录、图版、索引等附属部分的页次，以便读者查找。4. 前言：前言是相当于论文的开头，它是三段式论文的第一段（后二段是本论和结论）。前言与摘要不完全相同，摘要要写得高度概括、简略，前言稍加具体一些，文字以1000字左右为宜。前言一般应包括以下几个内容：（1）为什么要写这篇论文，要解决什么问题，主要观点是什么。（2）对本论文研究主题范围内已有文献的评述（包括与课题相关的历史的回顾，资料来源、性质及运用情况等）。（3）说明本论文所要解决的问题，所采用的研究手段、方式、方法。明确研究工作的界限和规模。（4）概括本课题研究所取得的成果及意义。5. 正文：论文的正文是作者对自己的研究工作详细的表述。应包括以下内容：（1）理论分析部分：详细说明所使用的分析方法和计算方法等基本情况；指出所应使用的分析方法、计算方法、实验方法等哪些是已有的，哪些是经过自己改进的，哪些是自己创造的，以便指导教师审查和纠正，篇幅不宜过多，应以简练、明了的文字概略表述。（2）用调查研究的方法达到研究目的的，调查目标、对象、范围、时间、地点、调查的过程和方法等，一定要简述。对调查所提的样本、数据、新的发现等则应详细说明。（3）结果与讨论应恰当运用表和图作结果与分析。论文字数应不少于万字。6. 结论：结论包括对整个研究工作进行归纳和综合而得出的结论。结论集中反映作者的研究成果，表达作者对所研究课题的见解和主张，是全文的思想精髓，一般写的概括、篇幅较短。撰写时应注意以下几点：（1）结论要简单、明确。在措辞上应严密，容易理解。（2）结论应反映个人的研究工作，属于前人和他人已有过的结论可少提。（3）要实事求是地介绍自己研究的成果，切忌言过其实。7. 致谢：对于毕业设计（论文）的指导教师，对毕业设计（论文）提过有益的建议或给予过帮助的同学，都应在论文的结尾部分书面致谢，言辞应恳切、实事求是。8. 参考文献：在论文中所引用、参考过的文献，一般都应列出来。参考文献的著录，按论文中引用顺序排列。参考文献总数论文类不少于10篇、设计类不少于6篇，且都应有外文参考文献。9. 附录：以下内容可放在附录之内：正文内过于冗长的公式推导；方便他人阅读所需的辅助性数学工具或表格；重复性数据和图表；论文使用的主要符号的意义和单位；程序说明和程序全文。这部分内容可省略。（二）毕业设计说明书的结构1. 解决某一工程具体问题的题目属毕业设计，毕业设计的内容包括设计说明书和图纸两部分。2. 毕业设计说明书是对毕业设计进行解释与说明的书面材料，在写法上应注意与论文的区别是：（1）前言由下面三部分组成：设计的目的和意义，设计项目发展情况简介，设计原理及规模介绍；（2）正文包括方案的论证和主要参数的计算两大部分。3. 毕业设计绘图量要求：设计类题目绘图量（折合为图幅为0# 号图纸）不少于张，其中要求计算机绘图（CAD）2张，手工绘图不少于1张。图纸绘制要符合国家标准。完成后的设计图纸经毕业设计指导教师审核后，审核人员要签署审核指导意见并签名。二、排版要求（一）基本要求纸型：A4纸，双面打印；页边距：上，下，左、右；页眉：，页脚：，左侧装订。页眉页脚统一要求为：⑴一律用阿拉伯数字连续编页码。页码应由前言首页开始，作为第1页。⑵将摘要、Abstract、目录等前置部分单独编排页码。⑶页码必须标注在每页页脚底部居中位置，小五号，宋体，。⑷奇偶页的页眉不同，奇数页页眉的填写内容为“山东交通学院毕业设计（论文）”，偶数页页眉的填写内容为“作者姓名：论文中文题目”。（二）排版规范1. 中文摘要(1) 居中打印“摘要”二字（小三号，黑体），字间空一字；(2) “摘要”二字下空一行打印摘要内容（小四号宋体，倍行距）；(3) 摘要内容后下空一行打印“关键字”三字（小四号黑体），其后为关键词（小四号宋体），每一关键词之间用逗号隔开，最后一个关键词后不加标点符号。2. 英文摘要(1) 居中打印“Abstract”（小三号，Times New Roman字体，加粗），再下空两行打印英文摘要内容；(2) 摘要内容设置为：小四号，Times New Roman字体，倍行距，每段开头留四个空字符；(3) 摘要内容后下空一行打印“Key words”（小四号，Times New Roman字体，加粗），其后为关键词，每一关键词除第一个字母外其余均为小写字母，关键词之间用逗号隔开，最后一个关键词后不加标点符号。3. 目录：“目录”二字为小三号黑体，居中打印，二字间空一字；下空一行为章、节、小节及其开始页码（小四号宋体）；章、节、小节分别以1、、等数字依次标出，目录中的标题应与正文中的标题一致。4. 前言：“前言”二字为小三号黑体，居中打印，二字之间空一字，前言正文设置为：小四号，宋体，倍行距。5. 正文（参考写法）(1) 每章的章标题设置为：小三号，黑体，居左，倍行距，段后行，段前为0。每章另起一页。章序号为阿拉伯数字。(2) 章下为节，每节的节标题设置为：四号，黑体，居左，倍行距，段后为0，段前行。(3) 节下为小节，每小节的标题设置为：小四号，黑体，居左，倍行距，段后为0，段前行。(4) 正文设置为：小四号，宋体，倍行距。正文内的标题号用（1）、①等依次标出。正文各级标题编号的示例如下图所示。6. 结论结论标题设置为：小三号，黑体，居中，段后行，段前为0，“结论”二字间空一字。结论正文设置为：小四号，宋体，多倍行距 ，间距：前段、后段均为0行，每段落首行缩进2字。7. 致谢致谢标题设置为：小三，黑体，居中，段后行，段前为0，“致谢”二字间空一字。致谢正文设置为：小四，宋体，多倍行距 ，每段落首行缩进2字。8. 参考文献参考文献标题设置为：小三号，黑体，居中，段后行，段前为0。参考文献内容设置成字体：五号，宋体，多倍行距，段前、段后均为0。9. 附录附录标题设置为：小三，黑体，居中，段后行，段前为0，“附录”二字间空一字。附录正文设置为：小四，宋体，多倍行距 ，每段落首行缩进2字。三、撰写规范1. 附图(1) 图的位置① 图居中排列。② 图与上文应留一行空格。(2) 图的版式① “设置图片格式”的“版式”为“上下型”或“嵌入型”，不得“浮于文字之上”。② 图的大小尽量以一页的页面为限，不要超限，一旦超限要加续图。(3) 图名的写法① 图名居中并位于图下，编号时应以章为单位顺序编号，如图、图。② 图名与下文留一空行。③ 图及其名称要放在同一页中，不能跨接两页。④ 图内文字清晰、美观。⑤ 中文图名设置为宋体，五号，居中。英文名称设置为Times New Roman，五号，居中。(4) 图格式示例：图 样式Fig. Manner2. 表格：(1) 表的位置① 表格居中排列。② 表格与下文应留一行空格。③ 表中若有附注，一律用阿拉伯数字和右半圆括号按顺序编排，如注1），附注写在表的下方。(2) 表名的写法① 表名应当在表的上方并且居中。编号时应以章为单位顺序编号，如表、表。② 表名与上文留一空行。③ 表及其名称要放在同一页中，不能跨接两页。④ 表内文字全文统一，设置为宋体，五号。⑤ 中文表名设置为宋体，五号，且居中。英文名称设置为Times New Roman，五号，且居中。(3) 表格式示例表 统计表Tab. Statistics table for sale产品 产量 销量 产值 比重手机 11000 10000 500 50%电视机 5500 5000 220 22%计算机 1100 1000 280 28%合计 17600 16000 1000 100%3. 公式公式书写应在文中另起一行，居中排列，公式末尾不加标点；公式序号按章顺序编号，公式编号在行末列出，如()、()。公式示例：()4. 参考文献参考文献书写格式：(1) 参考文献按照在正文中引用的顺序进行编码。(2) 作者一律姓前名后(外文作者名应缩写)，作者间用“,”间隔。作者少于3人应全部写出，3人以上只列出前3人，后加“等”或“et al”。(3) 标题“参考文献”设置为：小三号，黑体，居中，倍行距，段后行，段前为0。(4) 参考文献正文设置成字体：5号，宋体，字号：五号，多倍行距行，段后、段前均为0。(5) 按照引用的文献类型不同使用不同的表示方法。① 专著(注意应标明出版地及所参阅内容在原文献中的位置)，表示方法为：[序号] 作者.专著名.出版地:出版者,出版年.示例：[1] 薛华成.管理信息系统.北京:清华大学出版社,1993.② 期刊中析出的文献(注明应标明年、卷、期，尤其注意区分卷和期) ，表示方法为：[序号] 作者.题(篇)名.刊名.出版年,卷号(期号):起止页.示例：[4] 徐滨士,欧忠文,马世宁等.纳米表面工程.中国机械工程,2000,11(6):707-712.③ 会议论文，表示方法为：[序号] 作者.篇名.会议名,会址,开会年: 起止页.④ 专著(文集)中析出的文献，表示方法为：[序号] 作者.篇名.见(In):文集的编(著)者.文集名.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页.⑤ 学位论文，表示方法为：[序号] 作者.题(篇)名:(博(硕)士学位论文).授学位地:授学位单位,授学位年.⑥ 专利文献，表示方法为：[序号] 专利申请者.专利题名.专利国别,专利文献种类,专利号.出版日期.参考文献引用格式：(1)引用的文献在正文中用方括号和阿拉伯数字按顺序以上标形式标注在引用处。(2)引用格式示例关于主题法的起源众说不一。国内有人认为“主题法检索体系的形式和发展开始于1856年英国克雷斯塔多罗(Crestadoro)的《图书馆编制目录技术》一书”，“国外最早采用主题法来组织目录索引的是杜威十进分类法的相关主题索引……”[1]。5. 标点符号�标点符号的使用必须符合新的国家标准GB/T15834-1995《标点符号用法》。�6. 名词、名称�科学技术名词术语应采用全国自然科学名词审定委员会公布的规范词或国家标准、部标准中规定的名称，尚未统一规定或叫法有争议的名词术语，可采用惯用的名称。使用外文缩写代替某一名词术语时，首次出现时应在括号内注明其含义，如CPU（Central Processing Unit）代替计算机中央处理器。一般很熟知的外国人名(如牛顿、爱因斯坦、达尔文、马克思等)可按通常标准译法写译名。�7. 量和单位�毕业设计(论文)中的量和单位必须采用中华人民共和国家标准GB3100-GB3102-93，它是以国际单位制(SI)为基础的。非物理量的单位，如件、台、人、元等，可用汉字与符号构成组合形式的单位，例如件/台、元/km。�8. 数字�数字的使用必须符合新的国家标准GB/T15835-1995《出版物上数字用法的规定》。回答者： zhuwen19840302 - 见习魔法师 三级 5-21 23:01查看用户评论(6)>>评价已经被关闭 目前有 4 个人评价好
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关于开题报告的写法建议：开题报告的选题背景和研究意义要紧密结合你所选的研究问题的背景和意义去写。如《嵊州领带产业集群竞争力分析》的选题背景，这样写：浙江产业集群是从70年代末到80年代初开始逐步发展起来的，主要是依*民间力量自发形成的，如宁波服装产业、永康五金产业、绍兴纺织产业、唐山袜业和余姚的塑料产业等一系列以县市为划分的地方特色产业群。这些产业集群目前已经形成了“建一个市场，带一批产品，活一地经济，富一方百姓，兴一个城镇”的良好局面，对浙江经济快速增长产生了巨大的贡献。嵊州领带产业集群属于传统产业集群，大致形成于20世纪80年代。目前，当地已有超过1000家的领带企业，年产各类领带3亿多条，占全国总产量的90%、世界总产量的40%，年销售额超过100亿元（其中自营出口亿美元），对于嵊州的就业和经济社会发展起到了重要的推动作用。然而，20008年全球金融危机的爆发，直接影响到了处于产业链末端的嵊州领带产业的发展。2008年嵊州领带产品出口额与上年相比明显大幅减少，大量企业停产、破产。在金融危机来袭之际，以低价格为主要竞争优势的嵊州领带产业集群，相较于以质量、创新速度、设计能力和对市场的影响力为主要竞争优势的世界领带都市—意大利的科墨来说，显示出了较低的竞争能力，对当地的经济增长产生了极为不利的影响。因此，对嵊州领带产业集群竞争力进行分析，寻找其竞争力不足的原因，提出提升嵊州领带产业集群竞争力的对策，是摆在企业和政府面前的一个重要课题和一项重要任务。本课题拟通过对现有的产业集群竞争力理论进行系统梳理，建立起产业集群竞争力评价体系，通过对嵊州领带生产企业进行调查的基础上对嵊州领带产业集群竞争力的状况进行评价分析，并分析其竞争力不足的原因，最后提出改善的对策。此项研究具有较强的理论和现实意义，能够在一定程度上弥补现有的研究不足。开题报告中的国内外研究现状处，应该每段前都有依据概括性的话，将国内外研究现状串起来。而且思路要清楚些，最后再加上一些总结评论性的东西，反映该研究的发展趋势。研究问题中的基本框架应该至少列到二级标题；重点与难点也应分条列示，根据你研究的问题预测该项研究可能面临的困难（难点）是什么？其重点应该是什么？3研究的方法及措施1）理论归纳法。学习国内外学者对产业集群的理论研究著作，针对领带产业集群的实际，将其中有用的部分知识运用到实际的管理中。2）定性分析法。通过访谈的方法，发现集群存在的问题，并探索产生发展障碍的原因，找出相应的解决方案，提高产业的竞争力。3）定量分析法。通过调查问卷的方法，研究了解该产业集群竞争力状况，提出提升产业升级和提高产业集群竞争力的方法。预期成果处，写法示例如下，不一定要完全一个版式，可以有点创新：本课题通过***对*****问题进行研究，能够建立起产业集群竞争力评价的框架体系，并通过对嵊州领带产业集群的调研，能够发现该产业集群在竞争力提升方面存在的不足，并分析其原因所在，提出相应的解决对策，为企业和政府决策提供某些借鉴。研究工作进度计划示例：—收集资料、选题，填写申报表和任务书文献综述和开题报告及外文翻译初稿文献综述和开题报告及外文翻译定稿－开题答辩，前期材料上交毕业环节实习论文正文初稿论文定稿准备论文答辩论文答辩
题目是论文内容的高度概括，它对读者具有影响力，可使读者首先明确论文研究的主题。下面我给大家带来翻译方向论文题目选题参考2022，希望能帮助到大家! ↓↓↓点击获
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