Research on the construction safety management of Civil EngineeringIn recent years, the construction accident in civil engineering in our country often occur. This not only caused casualties, also caused great loss of national property, and resulting in a very bad social influence. Therefore, in our country, the construction units in the civil engineering construction projects, shouldstrengthen the construction safety management, all aspects ofsecurity control for engineering, to prevent dangerous accidentsin the end it all. The cause of the civil engineering constructionaccidents are in many aspects. In order to enhance security,should be combined with the characteristics of construction projects and the enterprise's internal and external conditions, the rational allocation of production factors, optimization of management process. In order to realize the construction safetymanagement, construction units should establish a safety management system of a project, it should be carried out from the following aspects:A construction safety consciousness, cultivate the modern safety science theory, occurrence of unsafe human behavior causedcasualties. To implement safety management, it should becombined with psychology, behavioral science to strengthen the education and training of employees in production safety,improve the consciousness of safe production, so as to guide the safety production behavior of employees. For the construction enterprises should strengthen safety awareness and educationproject personnel, developing the regular safety education to the construction personnel involved in the project, and to carry outsecurity work. Three level education to the new participate in the work of the operating personnel; often transform types of employees, should be safety training for new types of work, makeoperation personnel matters needing attention can be familiar with the safe operation of the. In order to make safe productionconsciousness win support among the people, enterprisemanagement personnel but also in engineering project, using a variety of promotional tools to start a variety of education,cultivate the construction personnel safety consciousness. Andin the management of enterprises, the production safety systemthought to. Leaders at all levels and enterprises in issuing the project production task, should also carry out safety productionmeasures. Such as the production safety requirements to the construction personnel, so conducive to safe thought into the production of management, let each employee has consciously in the psychological sense of , the establishment of management system for safety in production in addition to strengthen production safety education and awareness of construction project staff, should alsoestablish a safety management system, protect the system from the construction enterprise safety in production of. In order toavoid the frequent occurrence of sudden accident, the construction enterprise should according to the project, to develop a comprehensive, the system of safety management,and invest the necessary manpower and funds to ensure the implementation of the project. Ensure the production safetyconstruction from the system implementation, the project section of construction enterprises should establish the safety inspectionsystem, and regularly to the project construction of the security check. Make a clear record of project construction process,record the dangerous post, and regularly check the work. Self evaluation and construction team every week to organize asafety activities, the project department to make regular safetyevaluation for project production. Construction enterprises in theconstruction of civil engineering, in order to establish a safety management system, need to make corresponding technical measures for safety management system, a comprehensivescientific standard for , the safety work of construction enterprise project technical measures should be prior to commencement of for engineering and technical measures should be strict examination and approval, the approval before implementation. If the design changes during construction, corresponding safety technical measures should be coordinated with the adjustment,will follow. The safety technical measures enacted personnel andparticipation, should fully understand the project as the construction scheme, construction environment, the actualoperation has, and combined with relevant laws and regulations or the security policy to establish safety technical measures,which can ensure the safety measures. In civil engineering construction of large, corresponding safety technical measuresshould be formulated more comprehensive and more specific,must be carried out through the whole process of construction,and mainly covers to other engineering safety. To establish the system of safety management, construction enterprises should also be strict safety before the construction of the project, technical personnel should to the technical measures for the construction personnelwork. Such as technical personnel issue written materials relatedto the construction personnel, and the implementation of safety technical measures of construction workers to regularly check;when technicians found construction personnel in violation oftechnical measure behavior, to give timely corrected. When theconstruction personnel technical mistakes when amended and supplemented immediately. In order to ensure the safety ofconstruction enterprises to implement, should take theseinspection of production safety measures the formation of rules and regulations, require employees to strictly abide by, so to ensure safety production system. At the same time, the construction enterprises can also follow the specific constructiondevelopment situation, formulate a set of safety technical measures linked to reward and punishment system, to strictly abide by the department or individual production safety, strictsecurity checks to reward, and if there are penalties for violations of the phenomenon. At the same time should have a goodproduction safety supervision work, and sent to the specialized production safety supervision work. When there is potential safety hazard factors in project development, should be timely analysis and inspection and make treatment immediately, so thatthe safety management to implement, implement the specificsystem, ensure the feasibility of production safety. The range ofcivil engineering projects involved in the construction processmore widely, because the factors which affect the engineering safety more. But in the construction process, the occurrence of safety accidents is often unexpected, with occasional andunexpected strong. These come unexpectedly accidents, serious damage often caused casualties and , strengthen the safety production and environment management in civil engineering construction process,environment is an important factor influencing the construction safety. So in order to guarantee safety in production, enterprises should be to strengthen the management of construction site. As in the construction site, the unnecessary equipment and surplus materials, should be timely treatment. In the pile construction materials in order to keep the construction site, the patency of the road accident, ensure to timely rescue, this is to protect the safety measures to realize. And construction enterprises shouldstrictly abide by the rules and regulations, which occurred on theconstruction site of the waste, garbage bag, cement, waste materials and other items should be clear, it can keep the siteclean, to create a civilized construction environment for safe construction. Create a safe production environment construction enterprises, should also be reflected in the risk disposal of equipment. For some such as the construction of electricity,dangerous equipment, cloth rod is used, should by the competent department of enterprise safety approval approval,the approval before they can be put into use after. And in the process of construction of civil engineering, a comprehensive analysis of the conditions of construction project. Some of the effects of environmental factors of the quality of construction, totake timely measures, and to conduct a comprehensivespecification, so that can realize the safe construction quality engineering to create good conditions.
土木工程的key哀，速度，
最佳答案 近义词：飘荡（飘动）、凉爽（凉快）、环绕（围绕）尽情(纵情) 反义词：凉爽(闷热)、欢乐（痛苦） 解释（说明、解说）、理解（懂得、了解）、旅游（旅行、远足）发现（发觉）、飘零（飘落）、奉献（贡献）、回归（回来）、肥美（肥壮、肥沃）、葱翠（青翠）、茁壮（强壮、健壮）映照（映射、照耀）、挺拔（挺立、苍劲）、赞美（赞扬、歌颂）、透明（透亮、晶莹） 宛如（犹如、好像）、一般（一样、普通） 映衬（衬托）、神往（向往）、越发（更加）、雄伟（雄壮）、纯净（纯洁）、壮丽（壮美）、明洁（明净） 装点（装饰）、嘱咐（叮嘱）、宝贝（珍宝）、迷惑（困惑） 拜访（拜望、访问）、憨厚（忠厚、老实）、神秘（神奇、奇怪）、保存（储存、积存） 摇晃（摇动、摇摆）、机灵（机警、机智）、察看（观察、视察）、随即（立即、立刻） 招集（召集、聚集）、抵抗（抗击、抵抗）、侵略（入侵、侵犯）、战斗（斗争、奋战） 异常（非常、特别）、效果（成效、效验）观赏（欣赏、观看）、聚集（集合、聚拢）、璀璨（灿烂）、闪耀（闪烁）、精彩（出色）、舒服（舒适、畅快）、五颜六色（五光十色）、举世闻名（文明遐迩） 黎明（清晨、拂晓）、俊俏（俊秀、俏丽）、格外（分外、特别）、出现（显现、涌现）、光彩（光荣）、告别（辞别、辞行）、生机勃勃（朝气蓬勃） 奇怪（古怪、奇异）、刨根问底（追根究底）、聚精会神（全神贯注） 维修（修理、修整）、呼啸（咆哮）、释放（开释、保释）、巨大（庞大、宏大）、得意（满意、高兴） 镇定（镇静、稳定）、恳切（诚恳、关切）、了不起（了不得、损伤（伤害、受害）、忍受（忍耐、承受）、担心（担忧、忧虑）、苍白（惨白、灰白）、平静（安静、宁静）、勉强（将就、凑合） 愿意（情愿、乐意）、犹豫（犹疑、迟疑）、忧郁（愁闷）、结束（终止、完结）、困境（逆境）、轮流（轮番、轮换）、热烈（烈火、热闹）、情况（情形、状况）、珍惜（珍爱、珍视） 失望（扫兴、绝望）、娇艳（鲜艳、艳丽）、甘心（情愿、甘愿）、培育（培养、哺育）、附近（邻近、周边）、扫兴（败兴、失望）、梦想（妄想、渴望） 情景（情形、景象）、欢聚（团聚）、思念（想念、怀念）、兴高采烈（兴致勃勃）空闲（闲暇、休闲）、陋习（陋俗）、废除（废止、取消）、残害（伤害、杀害）、痛苦（痛楚、困苦）、喜欢（喜爱）、生气（动气、发怒）、笑话（见笑、讥笑） 还有些反义词（*_*)反义词：理解（误解）、强烈（微弱） 整体（部分）、茁壮（瘦弱）、奉献（索取）、同（异）、整（零）、美（丑） 赞美（嘲笑）、燃烧（熄灭）、透明（浑浊） 天堂（地狱）、秀美（粗陋） 吸引（排斥）、纯净（污浊） 迷惑（清醒）、可爱（可憎）、得意（失意） 憨厚（狡诈）、神秘（普通）、保存（销毁） 机灵（迟钝） 失败（成功）、信心（灰心）、招集（解散）、抵抗（投降） 聚集（分散）、舒服（难受）、精彩（低劣、粗糙）、举世闻名（默默无闻） 屈辱（荣誉、荣耀）、免除（任命） 异常（正常、平常）、分析（综合） 俊俏（丑陋）、格外（一般、普通）、出现（消失、隐没）、光彩（羞耻、耻辱）、告别（欢聚、团聚）、生机勃勃（死气沉沉） 活泼（严肃、呆板）、甜津津（苦巴巴）、成熟（幼稚、稚嫩）、热闹（冷清） 奇怪（正常、平常）、聚精会神（心不在焉） 维修（损坏）、释放（拘捕、回收、捉拿）、得意（
The urban river embankment discuss the ecological constructionAnonymous XXXXXXXXAbstract: the urban river embankment construction as the object, discuss the current social background, analyses and compares the river embankment design of traditional methods and characteristics of ecological methods, and puts forward three modes of ecological design and their advantages and disadvantages, and expounds the present situation of the ecological construction in domestic bank and future : the bank; Ecology; Design way; Domestic situationText:A, backgroundRiver Banks part is the amphibious interlaced transition belt, has the remarkable edge effect. Here are active substances, nutrient and energy flow, offer a habitat for a variety of creatures. Natural state Banks often species richness, productivity traditional embankment design often single ?一、背景河流的堤岸部分是水陆交错的过渡地带，具有显著的边缘效应。这里有活跃的物质、养分和能量的流动，为多种生物提供了栖息地。自然状态下的堤岸往往物种丰富、生产力高。传统的堤岸设计往往会单纯从防洪角度出发，采用土堤或者土石混合堆砌起来高高的堤岸。它的优点在于高度的可靠性，结构设计后加起防护堤岸抗流水冲刷能力显著增强。对于洪水暴发频繁、侵蚀严重的区段，这样的设计无可厚非，而对于一般河流堤岸的修建，这样的设计则显得缺乏环境的美化和绿化，同时也破坏许多对生态起重要作用的自然因素，如破坏植被与河床间的联系，造成冲刷侵蚀转移等。另外，河流作为城市风貌不可多得的珍惜资源，也是城市风貌的特色要素，它的景观塑造显得十分必要。同时，堤岸景观建设必然使滨河地区土地价值提升，滨水开发的高投资回报的特点更增强了对城市堤岸景观建设的需求。二、需求——堤岸的生态化建设河流堤岸作为城市中最邻近河流的区域，是城市与河流的衔接线，它的景观规划是提高城市生活品质的需要，也是丰富城市景观的需要。生态化建设，它的根本思路是运用自然本身抗干扰和自我修复的能力来处理人与自然的关系。生态设计方法不同于传统用人工的结构和形式来取代自然的方法，而是用自然的结构和形式来顺应自然的进程。将河岸与河道在生态上联系起来，也就实现了物质、养分、能量的交流：对于生物，它提供了合适的栖息地；植物根系可固着土壤，枝叶可截留雨水，过滤地表迳流，抵抗流水冲刷，从而起到保护堤岸、增加堤岸结构的稳定性、净化水质、涵养水源的作用，而且随着时间的推移，这些作用被不断加强。同时，生态化建设以自然的外貌出现，容易与环境取得协调，造价也较低，不需要长期的维护管理。三、河流堤岸生态化设计方式河流堤岸生态化设计，要遵守生态设计的原则，注重地方性、保护与节约自然资本、让自然做功、显露自然，主要体现在对地域气候环境、河流地质地貌、水文变化的适应，对河流生态环境的考虑，对堤岸地形的处理和对筑堤材料的选择和构造方式方面。1） 人工类：传统方法是采用块石或混凝土块砖等堆砌。可在此基础上加以改进以适应河流景观设计的需求。a) 块石或混凝土块砖干砌，不用砂浆。这样在砌块之间就留有空隙，为后期滨河植物的生长提供了空间。随着时间的推移，堤岸会逐渐呈现出自然的风貌。b) 堤岸采用台阶式分级，台阶面上的空间加以利用，种植植物。当然这两种改进方法对于河岸处现有植被仍存在一定的不良影响，人工痕迹也过于明显。2） 自然类：充分利用堤岸植被原型，可直接将适用于滨河地带生长的植被种植于堤岸上，利用植物的根、茎、叶来稳固堤岸，防止侵蚀、控制沉积的同时也为生物提供了栖息地。3） 人工自然相结合综合了以上两种方法的优点，具有人工结构的稳定性和自然的外貌，见效快、生态效益好，以下为常见的两种类型：a) 种植植物的堆石将由大小不同的石块组成的堆石置于与水接触的土壤表面，再把活体切枝插入石堆中使斜坡更加稳定。根系可提高强度，植被可遮盖石块，使堤岸外貌更加自然。b) 与植物结合使用的插孔式混凝土块将预制的混凝土块以连锁的形式置于岸底的浅渠中，再将植物切枝或植株扦插于混凝土块之间和堤岸上部，其上覆土压实，再播种草本植物。堤岸生态化建设也存在一定的局限性。如：选用的材料及建造方法不同，堤岸的防护能力相差很大，需要运用多学科知识认真分析，这就为设计人员提出了更大的挑战；建造初期若受到强烈干扰，则会影响到以后防护作用的发挥等。这也就对河流堤岸的生态化设计提出了更高的要求。四、国内现状1）省会城市在我国省会城市及计划单列市中有近80％进行了堤岸景观规划。（参考文献[3]）城 市 项目名称 城 市 项目名称北 京 长河城市水系统综合治理 南 宁 堤岸园工程长 沙 湘江风光带 宁 波 滨江大道沿江景观工程成 都 府南河绿化工程 上 海 外滩、陆家嘴滨江大道福 州 闵江江滨公园 沈 阳 浑河观光旅游带广 州 珠江二沙段堤岸景观、芳村长堤建设 太 原 汾河公园贵 阳 南明河景观绿化工程 天 津 海河堤岸改造工程哈尔滨 松花江南岸沿江风景长廊 武 汉 汉口江滩一二期工程昆 明 盘龙江中段滨水生态景观建设 西 安 灞河大水大绿工程兰 州 黄河风情线 重 庆 南滨路滨江旅游观光大道从规划后建成情况看，这些城市河流堤岸景观项目都得到了当地政府与市民的肯定。在这些项目中，堤岸既可成为当地最具吸引力的城市公园，如太原的汾河公园和福州的江滨公园；堤岸也可成为市民日常休闲活动的热点地段，如南宁的堤路园和武汉的汉口江滩工程；堤岸还可成为城市最具特色的地段，如重庆的南滨路滨江旅游观光大道；堤岸更可成为城市旅游的热点，如上海的外滩和陆家嘴滨江大道。总之，经过景观规划的堤岸已成为当地最具特色的地区。从建设效果看，相对堤岸的原来面貌而言，统计资料中的这些景观工程都是较成功的，都成为当地城市关注的热点，成为当地政府的政绩工程，成为当地的民心工程。城市河流堤岸通过景观规划，有效地改善了滨河地段的环境，并带动滨河地段的开发。但必须清醒地认识到，这些城市堤岸景观项目规划并非尽善尽美，也存在这样或那样的问题，仍有待完善。2）中小城市城市经济实力的强大决定了其城市建设水平的高标准和高水平。中小城市河流堤岸景观与统计资料中的城市存在较大的差距，存在更多的问题。特别是由于资金问题，堤岸景观是，纯人工，状态的钢筋混凝土防洪堤，或保持自然防洪状态的土石堤，没有经过景观规划，易造成城市资源的极大浪费。五、前景目前，河流景观建设，特别是城市河流景观建设，在中国正方兴未艾；在发达国家中也是一个久盛不衰的话题。 回顾发达国家河流景观建设的历史，自20世纪70年代以来，随着人们环境意识的普遍增强，重视河流景观的生态功能已成为一个时代的呼唤，河流景观建设的生态设计方法也已得到了空前的重视和发展。他山之石可以攻玉，借鉴发达国家已经形成的成熟的理念和做法，可以使我们少走弯路，搭上隆隆前进的生态建设之车。
实验室测试。氯离子清除 核心N_获得7英尺(7)以上涨潮的米。自从这个核心只含有 大约120 _C1 - / yd3(公斤/ m(3)、还是到达了 / ft_(6 / mz) 去除电流密度,这是预料的处理将达到现在的 如果不立即密度更快。 核心岩石的分析 N_核心混凝土的特点是作为一种轻微的7 air-entrained混凝土(3) 1-in 4%)。(厘米)的公称通径砾石粗骨料似乎有一种天然的沙子。这个 分析了粗骨料是一个硅碎石组成原理,围着subrounded, 沉积岩流过。大约在百分之六十七石英模态 arenite和orthoquartzite,23%,10%燧石粗静脉石英。燧石鹅卵石 大多是微晶,斑驳的棕色的类型,和一些细石英veinlets。优良的 在混凝土是一种较好的、粗中等,sub-rounded占优势 对圆形石英只有偶尔燧石和褐铁矿粮食。 有一个紧密联系,不间断的骨料粒子和水泥 矩阵的阶段。没有证据证明这是cement-aggregate反应。水泥的阶段 很好的质量,估计有水灰比,为)。 代表质量好的混凝土的核心。 现场的现场操作 初始启动数据采集和在桌子3-5。 问题补充:12个小时之后,氟化橡胶启动泵叶轮的损坏,可能由于被发现 对_nning干燥初期启动困难。湿润的毯子只是由潮流 水。取代了叶轮和泵启动。 系统当前 占地面积治疗试验(24平方米)的240 fd)。在处理区域 由_dl五个桩、被当作一个单一的区域。提供的电流总和 大约80个一桩AJf-t2(或 / m(2)。 麦克斯
毕业设计用的 3000字左右 外文和翻译 谢谢啦
我毕业设计的时候翻译过英文论文，不过只有3000字，不知道行不行，如果需要给我发信息。
好的翻译只能脱裤子放屁重复学习同样的知识技能。。。。必要时建议直接找翻译公司，省事，可以找北京译顶科技。，
英语专业翻译方向毕业论文选题参考：地方名胜古迹汉译英探析语境在翻译中的作用商标的翻译广告语言的翻译论英汉互译中的语义等值问题中西文化差异与不可译性英汉谚语的理解和翻译浅谈颜色词在英语中的翻译英语比喻性词语中文化内涵及翻译英语意义否定表现法及其汉译浅谈新闻标题的翻译伟大的翻译家严复英语长句汉译简评《简•爱》的几种汉译本英语专业本科论文所涉及的专业方向 （一）英语语言习得理论研究 该方向着重研究英语语言学及语言习得的相关理论与实践，可着重讨论某一种语言现象产生的原因及具体表现或某一语言理论在实际生活、教学中的运用。学生可以进行：1．英语修辞研究；2．文体研究；3．英汉比较研究；4．各类语体研究；5．语法研究；6．词汇研究等。 （二）教学理论与教学法该方向主要研究英语教学的理论与实践以及相关的教学指导原则和具体的方法，选题应着重探讨英语教学的方法，可具体到某一课程的教学理念、策略和方法的应用及效度，现代教育技术在英语教学中的应用与探索。学生可以进行：1．英语学习策略研究；2．英语学习焦虑研究；3．英语测试研究；4．英语教学法研究；5．英语教学策略研究；6．计算机辅助英语教学研究等。 （三）商务英语文本研究该方向着重研究商务英语文本文体，语言特点及相关的翻译实践问题。学生可以进行：1．商务英语语言特征研究；2．商务英语文体研究；3．商务英语翻译理论研究；4．商务英语翻译时间探讨；5．商务英语翻译标准探讨等。 （四）翻译理论与实践该方向着重研究英汉互译过程中的口、笔译理论、翻译标准、原则、方法及技巧。论文选题可选择评论赏析某一翻译家或某一本（篇）著名的译作，或论述某一种翻译理论的技巧在实践中的运用，也可讨论某一翻译现象中所反映的文化内涵。学生可以进行：1．翻译理论研究；2．翻译家研究；3．翻译史研究；4．文学翻译研究；5．非文学翻译研究；6．翻译过程研究；7．翻译批评研究；8．翻译的接受与影响研究；9．翻译教学研究；10．翻译标准研究；11．典籍翻译研究等。 （五）英美人文与历史研究 该方向主要研究英美国家的社会、文化、人文、历史各个方面的具体内容，既可宏观也可微观地研究或比较英美国家的某一历史阶段的社会问题或文化现象或评论某一历史事件或历史人物，或跨文化交际方面的相关内容。学生可以进行：1．英美社会制度、社会问题研究；2．英美历史问题、历史人物研究；3．英美文化现象研究；4．西方宗教研究；5．西方影视作品研究；6．跨文化交际研究等。 （六）英美文学研究该方向主要研究英美文学史及各时期的文学流派，作家，作品的文体与写作风格。论文可选择做某一文学理论或作家作品的分析、评论，比较中西文学作品或作家，分析作品中的主题或人物角色。学生可以进行：1．文学流派研究；2．作家研究；3．作品评论或分析；4．文学批评理论研究；5．中西文学作品的比较研究等。
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土木工程专业相关毕业论文范文有很多，你首先看能否问问往届毕业生要到相同专业的毕业论文做为参考，如果要不到，你也可以百度下：普刊学术中心，有很多关于毕业论文写作技巧攻略类教程，自己抽时间多学习下，对你毕业论文写作肯定会有帮助的
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可以看看这个 呵呵 是 土木专业英语上的课文 building types and designA building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities .Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry ,the metallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well. Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we’re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services” .attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas .the “day “rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the “night “rooms consist of the bedrooms .the “services “comprise the kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .There is little standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towards light ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare .翻译：建筑类型和设计建筑物与人们有着紧密的联系，他为人们提供必要的空间，用以工作和生活。根据适用类型不同，建筑物可以分为两类：工业建筑和民用建筑。工业建筑包括各个工厂或工业生产所使用建筑，民用建筑是指那些人们用以居住，就业，教育和其他社会活动的建筑场所。工业建筑的厂房可用于采矿业，冶金工业，机械制造，化学工业和纺织工业等各类领域的加工和制造。厂房可分为两种类型：单层的和多层的。工业建筑也属于建筑的一种。但是，工业建筑与民用建筑所用的材料和建筑方式不同。民用建筑按使用可分为两大类：住宅建筑和公共建筑。住宅建筑要适应家庭生活。每个单位应包括至少三个必要客房：起居室，厨房和厕所。公共建筑可在政治，文化活动，管理工作和其他服务，如学校，写字楼，公园，医院，商店，车站，剧院，体育馆，宾馆，展览馆，洗浴池，等等。他们都有着不同的职能，这反过来又需要不同的设计类型。房屋是用以住人的. 其基本功能是提供住房的内容，但今天人们需要更多的住房内容。一个家庭在进入一个新的社区后将知道，现有住房不仅要符合其安全，健康和舒适等标准。还要考虑其附近是否有相应的配套设施，如食品市场，学校，商店，图书馆，电影院，以及社区中心等。在60年代中期住房最重要的价值是足够大的空间和方便的出入交通。大多数家庭会首选约半英亩面积土地的家庭住宅，这样将提供足够的空间的用以业余活动。在高度工业化的国家，许多家庭的首选是那种尽可能远离市中心商业圈的住房，即使距离上班地点不得不有一段距离。相当多的家庭首选是郊区的住房，因为他们的主要目的是要远离噪音，拥挤和混乱。拥有方便的公共交通使得距离不再是一个决定性因素，因为大多数人都是开着自己的汽车去上班了。人们现在主要感兴趣的是户型，房间的大小和卧室的数目。在工程项目开始之前，要做好建筑设计和施工流程,让人提前知道该建筑建成后是什么样子以及下一步应该做什么。在建筑设计中要特别重视房间的布局，其目的是提供最大的便利与可能的用途。在一个住宅建筑设计中，布局可考虑以下三个方面： “白天” ， “夜晚”和“服务”。必须注意这些空间区域之间的连通交流。 “白天”房一般包括餐厅，起居室和厨房，但其他房间可能会增加，如书房，并有可能成为一个大厅。起居室通常是最大的，往往是一个餐厅，也或可能有厨房、凹室等。 “夜间”房间包括卧室、客房。“服务”用房间包括厨房，浴室，储藏室 ，和厕所等。厨房和储藏室需设置在一起，以方便其房间功能的使用。此外，还必须考虑各种客房的朝向问题，当然最好尽可能的将那些经常使用的房间朝南设置。然而，在考虑到周围的环境和地点、道路等多方面因素，往往很难达到最佳要求。在解决这些复杂的问题，还必须按照当地城市规划条例所涉及的对公共设施，人口密度，建筑物高度，绿化面积，建筑红线等的要求，还要考虑到有相邻建筑的情况，等等。尽管工业建筑需要符合当地城市规划条例但很少有标准化的工业楼宇。现代厂房建筑的趋势是轻质、通风。一般的钢筋混凝土结构或钢结构的工厂，可以得到一个“跌”型脊屋顶，把窗户开向北以便使分布均匀的自然采光不会直射进来造成刺眼。
有一篇施工监控的论文，你查收一下吧，希望对你有用！
Civil Engineering, the oldest in human history, "technical science" as a system of industrial activity in real terms in the production process of a civil engineering technical processCivil Engineering and also the construction of various engineering facilities in science and technology, collectively referred to as both an object refers to the construction that is built on the ground, underground, underwater engineering facilities also refers to a variety of applied materials, equipment and carried out survey and design, construction, maintenance, repair and other technicalAs an important basic disciplines of Civil Engineering has its important properties: a comprehensive social and artistic unity of practical technical and economic progress along with the development of human society, it has been turned into large-scale civil engineering disciplines and has integrated many branches such as: construction work Railway road works in bridge engineering specialty engineering structures water drainage port engineering Hydraulic Engineering Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering and a total of six professional disciplines such as: Architecture, Urban Planning, Civil Engineering and Building Environment and Equipment Engineering water drainage works and road and bridge worksIntroduction to course through a semester to study Civil Engineering and I have deeply felt the taste of Civil Engineering and cover a wide range of achievements of their predecessors have insight as a civil engineer major responsibility of course, we can not be immersed in the brilliant achievements have been made before we do not stop It should be with the times to dig to find them to think to think to be innovative at this as a civil engineer in China's future I would like to combine history, Civil Engineering, with the national situation and world situation talk about the future of civil engineering road!
The rotation inertia is the object rotational inertia measurement. Isthe research, the design, the control rotation object movement ruleimportant project technology parameter. If the clock and watch balancewheel, the precise electric instrument moving coil build design, thegun artillery projectile, the electrical machinery rotor, the machinepart, the missile and the satellite launch and so on, all cannotneglect the rotation inertia the size. Therefore the determinationobject rotation inertia has the important practical significance. 刚体 the rotation inertia size has in a big way displayed 刚体 therotational state difficulty degree, the object to some axis rotationinertia in a big way, when circles engraves the axis rotation, theangular speed is more difficult to change, the object to some axisrotation inertia size, is decided to the object quality, the shape and回转轴 the position. Regarding quality distribution even, the contour not complex objectmay extracts its rotation inertia from the external dimensions and itsthe quality, but is complex, the quality distribution non-uniformityobject to the contour only can obtain from the gyroscopic motionthrough the survey. This graduation project will use two methodssurveys irregular object the rotation inertia, and will make thecomparison. (Whether calculates irregular object rotation inertiatheory value is key) Regarding the rotation inertia survey, continuously continuesto use three to hold the experiment, but holds in the experiment atthree always to have the certain error. This design goal is needs touse the different method survey rotation inertia, in the empiricaldatum foundation, to the data manifests the survey the accuracy,compared with the experimental technique, the experimental way whichchooses, makes every effort succinctly to rotate the inertia thesurvey experiment to be accurate.
Research on the construction safety management of Civil EngineeringIn recent years, the construction accident in civil engineering in our country often occur. This not only caused casualties, also caused great loss of national property, and resulting in a very bad social influence. Therefore, in our country, the construction units in the civil engineering construction projects, shouldstrengthen the construction safety management, all aspects ofsecurity control for engineering, to prevent dangerous accidentsin the end it all. The cause of the civil engineering constructionaccidents are in many aspects. In order to enhance security,should be combined with the characteristics of construction projects and the enterprise's internal and external conditions, the rational allocation of production factors, optimization of management process. In order to realize the construction safetymanagement, construction units should establish a safety management system of a project, it should be carried out from the following aspects:A construction safety consciousness, cultivate the modern safety science theory, occurrence of unsafe human behavior causedcasualties. To implement safety management, it should becombined with psychology, behavioral science to strengthen the education and training of employees in production safety,improve the consciousness of safe production, so as to guide the safety production behavior of employees. For the construction enterprises should strengthen safety awareness and educationproject personnel, developing the regular safety education to the construction personnel involved in the project, and to carry outsecurity work. Three level education to the new participate in the work of the operating personnel; often transform types of employees, should be safety training for new types of work, makeoperation personnel matters needing attention can be familiar with the safe operation of the. In order to make safe productionconsciousness win support among the people, enterprisemanagement personnel but also in engineering project, using a variety of promotional tools to start a variety of education,cultivate the construction personnel safety consciousness. Andin the management of enterprises, the production safety systemthought to. Leaders at all levels and enterprises in issuing the project production task, should also carry out safety productionmeasures. Such as the production safety requirements to the construction personnel, so conducive to safe thought into the production of management, let each employee has consciously in the psychological sense of , the establishment of management system for safety in production in addition to strengthen production safety education and awareness of construction project staff, should alsoestablish a safety management system, protect the system from the construction enterprise safety in production of. In order toavoid the frequent occurrence of sudden accident, the construction enterprise should according to the project, to develop a comprehensive, the system of safety management,and invest the necessary manpower and funds to ensure the implementation of the project. Ensure the production safetyconstruction from the system implementation, the project section of construction enterprises should establish the safety inspectionsystem, and regularly to the project construction of the security check. Make a clear record of project construction process,record the dangerous post, and regularly check the work. Self evaluation and construction team every week to organize asafety activities, the project department to make regular safetyevaluation for project production. Construction enterprises in theconstruction of civil engineering, in order to establish a safety management system, need to make corresponding technical measures for safety management system, a comprehensivescientific standard for , the safety work of construction enterprise project technical measures should be prior to commencement of for engineering and technical measures should be strict examination and approval, the approval before implementation. If the design changes during construction, corresponding safety technical measures should be coordinated with the adjustment,will follow. The safety technical measures enacted personnel andparticipation, should fully understand the project as the construction scheme, construction environment, the actualoperation has, and combined with relevant laws and regulations or the security policy to establish safety technical measures,which can ensure the safety measures. In civil engineering construction of large, corresponding safety technical measuresshould be formulated more comprehensive and more specific,must be carried out through the whole process of construction,and mainly covers to other engineering safety. To establish the system of safety management, construction enterprises should also be strict safety before the construction of the project, technical personnel should to the technical measures for the construction personnelwork. Such as technical personnel issue written materials relatedto the construction personnel, and the implementation of safety technical measures of construction workers to regularly check;when technicians found construction personnel in violation oftechnical measure behavior, to give timely corrected. When theconstruction personnel technical mistakes when amended and supplemented immediately. In order to ensure the safety ofconstruction enterprises to implement, should take theseinspection of production safety measures the formation of rules and regulations, require employees to strictly abide by, so to ensure safety production system. At the same time, the construction enterprises can also follow the specific constructiondevelopment situation, formulate a set of safety technical measures linked to reward and punishment system, to strictly abide by the department or individual production safety, strictsecurity checks to reward, and if there are penalties for violations of the phenomenon. At the same time should have a goodproduction safety supervision work, and sent to the specialized production safety supervision work. When there is potential safety hazard factors in project development, should be timely analysis and inspection and make treatment immediately, so thatthe safety management to implement, implement the specificsystem, ensure the feasibility of production safety. The range ofcivil engineering projects involved in the construction processmore widely, because the factors which affect the engineering safety more. But in the construction process, the occurrence of safety accidents is often unexpected, with occasional andunexpected strong. These come unexpectedly accidents, serious damage often caused casualties and , strengthen the safety production and environment management in civil engineering construction process,environment is an important factor influencing the construction safety. So in order to guarantee safety in production, enterprises should be to strengthen the management of construction site. As in the construction site, the unnecessary equipment and surplus materials, should be timely treatment. In the pile construction materials in order to keep the construction site, the patency of the road accident, ensure to timely rescue, this is to protect the safety measures to realize. And construction enterprises shouldstrictly abide by the rules and regulations, which occurred on theconstruction site of the waste, garbage bag, cement, waste materials and other items should be clear, it can keep the siteclean, to create a civilized construction environment for safe construction. Create a safe production environment construction enterprises, should also be reflected in the risk disposal of equipment. For some such as the construction of electricity,dangerous equipment, cloth rod is used, should by the competent department of enterprise safety approval approval,the approval before they can be put into use after. And in the process of construction of civil engineering, a comprehensive analysis of the conditions of construction project. Some of the effects of environmental factors of the quality of construction, totake timely measures, and to conduct a comprehensivespecification, so that can realize the safe construction quality engineering to create good conditions.
土木工程的key哀，速度，